lect 20

What is the third example of antimicrobial drugs discussed in the lecture?

Inhibition of protein synthesis.

How does inhibition of protein synthesis work as an antimicrobial drug?

It affects prokaryotic ribosomes but not eukaryotic ribosomes.

Why can certain antibiotics target bacterial ribosomes without targeting human ribosomes?

Bacterial ribosomes are different from eukaryotic ribosomes, allowing selective toxicity.

What is an important consideration when discussing selective toxicity and mitochondria?

Mitochondria are very similar to bacteria.

What type of DNA do mitochondria have?

One circular DNA molecule.

What do mitochondria synthesize?

Most of their own proteins.

How are mitochondrial ribosomes similar to bacterial ribosomes?

Mitochondrial ribosomes are similar to bacterial ribosomes.

Why might some side effects of antibiotics occur?

Because antibiotics may affect mitochondria due to their similarities to bacteria.

What is disease?

A relationship between a host and a parasite.

What is a disease in terms of the body's structure and function?

A change in structure that affects function.

What does a parasite need to enter the host?

A portal of entry.

What are the main portals of entry for parasites?

Skin breaks and mucous membranes.

What are examples of mucous membranes that parasites can enter through?

Respiratory and digestive mucous membranes.

What are two additional characteristics of a parasite involved in disease?

Its ability to multiply and its portal of exit.

What does a parasite need to leave the host?

A portal of exit.

What is infectivity?

How easily a parasite causes an infection.

What is invasiveness?

How easily a parasite spreads once it enters the host.

What is pathogenicity?

How damaging a parasite is to host cells.

What is toxigenicity?

Whether toxins are produced and how serious their effects are.

What is virulence?

How pathogenic (disease-causing) a parasite is.

What is the difference between infectivity and invasiveness?

Infectivity: How easily a parasite causes an infection. Invasiveness: How easily it spreads after entering the host.

What is the difference between pathogenicity and virulence?

Pathogenicity: The ability to cause damage or disease. Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity.

What does toxigenicity specifically involve?

The production of toxins and the seriousness of their effects.

What is inflammation?

A response by the body to infection or injury.

What are the four classic signs of inflammation?

• Rubor – redness.

• Calor – heat.

• Dolor – pain.

• Tumor – swelling.

What is rubor?

Redness caused by blood vessels dilating.

What is calor?

Heat caused by increased metabolism by phagocytic cells.

What is dolor?

Pain caused by substances released by phagocytes.

What is tumor in terms of inflammation?

Swelling due to increased blood flow.

What additional sign can occur during the body's response to infection?

Fever.