Period 3 APUSH Test Review

Navigation Acts

Forced colonial trade through English ships and ports, but they were loosely enforced under “salutary neglect” 1660s-1763

Treaty of Lancaster

1744 Deal between PA, VA, MD and Iroquois (Six Nations). Virginia claimed Ohio lands from the Iroquois, which led the French to build forts in the Ohio Valley → helped spark Seven Years War

Albany’s Plan / Iroquois Alliance

1754 British courted Iroquois (e.g. Mohawk leader Hendrick) as allies; British and French competed for Indian allies of North American territory

Seven Years’ War (also called French and Indian War)

1754-1763, Britain vs. France for North America, Britain wins; left Britain with a huge debt, leading to new taxes on the colonies, French leave and Indians lose French “balance”

Pontiac’s Rebellion

1763 Indian uprising against the British in the Ohio Valley; reason for Proclamation Line

Proclamation of 1763

Banned colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains, but colonists moved west anyway

Stamp Act

1765, direct, internal tax on printed paper that sparked the cry “no taxation without representation”; Stamp Act Congress; boycotts; repealed in 1766

Virtual representation

1760s Claim that Parliament represented all British subjects, even those who could not vote for it; colonists rejected it because they had their own assemblies (self-rule)

Internal vs. external taxes

1760s Franklin; duties to regulate trade were OK; internal taxes were not; shows colonists first argued as rights of British subjects, not for independence

Galloway Plan

1774, proposed an American legislature under Parliament and shows that some colonists wanted compromise, not independence, but colonists gave up on reconciliation by 1776 (also rejected by 1st Continental Congress)

Common Sense

Pamphlet by Thomas Paine in 1776 that shifted public opinion toward independence

Declaration of Independence

1776 Jefferson; natural rights, consent of the governed; inspired enslaved petitions, women’s claims, and revolutions abroad (France, Haiti, Mexico)

About 20% of the colonists were _______, which proves the colonies were not united “in the minds of the people”

Loyalists

Republican motherhood

Idea that women should raise virtuous citizens; main result of women’s Revolutionary work - not right to vote

Articles of Confederation

1781-1789, created a weak central government with no power to tax or regulate trade; passed Northwest Ordinance

Land of Ordinance 1785

Surveyed the Northwest into 6-mile townships of 36 sections, each 640 acres; encouraged orderly settlement and raised money by selling land

Northwest Ordinance

1787, Governed the Northwest territory; created a process for admitting new states and banned slavery in the territory

Shay’s Rebellion

1786-1787, MA farmers revolted over debts and hard-currency taxes; exposed the weakness of the Articles and led directly to the Constitutional Convention

Federalists

1787-1788 Supported the Constitution and a strong, central government (Hamilton, Madison); wrote The Federalist papers

Anti-Federalists

1787-1788 Feared that a strong central government would become tyrannical, and they won the addition of the Bill of Rights; ideas later fueled Whiskey Rebellion and Jefferson’s party

Bill of Rights

First ten amendments; most immediate change to the Constitution; addressed Anti-Federalist fears

Tenth Amendment

1791 Says that powers not given to the federal government belong to the states or the people; favored by states’ rights, supporters (Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans)

Necessary and Proper (Elastic) Clause

Congress can make laws needed to carry out its powers; Hamilton used it (loose construction) to justify creating the First Bank of the United States

Hamilton’s financial plan

Federal assumption of state debts, tariffs, excise tax, created first U.S. national bank; created a strong national economy; split Hamilton from Jefferson

Whiskey Rebellion

1794, Washington sent troops against western Pennsylvania farmers, who resisted whiskey tax, showing the new federal government’s strength

Jay Treaty

1794-1795 British agreed to leave their western forts, but critics saw it as pro-British and anti-French; deepened the party split

Pinckney’s Treaty

1795, Spain gave U.S. use of Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans

Farewell Address

1796, Washington warned against permanent alliances and political parties; reaction to French Revolution’s wars; U.S. needed time to grow strong

Quasi-War / XYZ Affair

1797-1800 Undeclared naval war with France under Adams, led to Alien and Sedition Acts

Alien and Sedition Acts

1798, were Federalist laws that limited immigrants and criticism of the government; Jefferson’s 1801 “error of opinion may be tolerated” responds to these

Haitian Revolution

1791-1804, enslaved people overthrew French rule, terrifying U.S. slaveholders; inspired by revolutionary ideals

Gibbons v. Ogden

1824, the Supreme Court ruled that federal power over interstate commerce beats state law; shows ongoing question of federal vs. state power

Early English colonists hoped Indians would be _______ ________, since Native peoples ran the fur trade networks

Trading partners

Britain and France competed for territory and Indian ______

Allies

The British allied with the _______, and Mohawk leader _________ (Hendrick) is the classic example

Iroquois; Theyanoguin

Virginia’s claims in the Ohio Valley led the French to build defensive _____ there

Forts

After Britain won the Seven Years’ War, _____ was gone, so Indians could no longer play the two empires against each other

France

Cause chain: war ___ → Britain ends _____ _______ and tightens imperial control → taxes like the Stamp Act + the Proclamation Line → colonial protest.

debt; salutary neglect;

At first, colonists protested as                   who wanted the rights of Englishmen; they were not demanding independence in the 1760s.

British subjects

They believed in                    through their own colonial ________, so they rejected Parliament’s right to tax them

self-rule; assemblies

Protest methods included                      , petitions, the Stamp Act Congress, and the Sons and Daughters of Liberty.

assemblies

Enlightenment

Ideas such as natural rights and consent of the governed, especially from John Locke, shaped the Declaration of Independence

The 1777 Massachusetts ______ ______ used the Declaration’s words and contributed to _______ ________ in the North

freedom petition; gradual abolition

In 1750, about ___ of the Lower South’s population was enslaved

58%

Still, the Constitution protected slavery through the __________ Clause, the fugitive slave clause, and by allowing the slave trade until ____

Three-Fifths; 1808

The best evidence of their (women’s) political role is letters between husbands and wives, such as ______ and John Adams

Abigail

Many state constitutions limited _______ power because people feared another king

executive

The framers’ main goal was to ________ the central government

strengthen

The Constitution was not perfectly democratic: senators were chosen by _____ _______, and the president by the ______ ______

state legislatures; Electoral College

During the ratification fight, Federalists wrote __ ________ papers, and the compromise with the Anti-Federalists was the ___ __ _____

The Federalist; Bill of Rights (1791)

Washington’s _______ Proclamation (1793) and Farewell Address were mainly a reaction to the wars of the ______ ________

Neutrality; French Revolution

The Jay Treaty was needed because the British still held ____ in the West

forts

In his 1801 inaugural, Jefferson said, “We are all Republicans, we are all ________”

Federalists

The big lasting issue of the era was the relationship between the federal government and the _____

states

Federalists leaders

Hamilton, John Adams

Democratic-Republicans

Jefferson, Madison

Federalist Government

Strong central government

Democratic-Republicans Government

States’ rights; limited government

Federalists Constitution

Loose construction

Democratic-Republicans Constitution

Strict construction

Federalists Economy

Commerce, manufacturing, bank

Democratic-Republicans Economy

Farmers, agriculture

Federalists Foreign Policy

Pro-British

Democratic-Republicans Foreign Policy

Pro-French (cheered the French Revolution)

Federalists Key Moments

Jay Treaty, Alien & Sedition Acts

Democratic Republicans Key Moments

Opposed both (Jay Treaty, Alien & Sedition Acts); Jefferson won in 1800

1775

Lexington and Concord

1763

Proclamation of 1763; Treaty of Paris ends the Seven Years’ War

1783

Treaty of Paris ends the Revolution (yes both were used to end Seven Years’ War and Revolution; same name, different reason)

1789

Washington takes office; French Revolution begins