Olympia AP World - The Industrial Revolution

Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts, inventions, economic theories, prominent figures, and societal shifts of the Industrial Revolution for AP World History.

Socialism

An economic system that advocates government regulation of the economy to force a more equitable distribution of wealth, often ensuring government ownership of necessary services like infrastructure, healthcare, and education; in theory, it is the stage between Capitalism and Communism (Located in Europe).

Wealth of Nations

A book written by Adam Smith in 1776 that laid the foundation for modern capitalism, arguing for free markets and minimal government interference in the economy (Located in Europe).

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of property and production for profit through competitive, free markets that has little to no government involvement/regulation (Located in Europe).

Industrial Capitalism

A form of capitalism that emerged in the Industrial Revolution, characterized by industrial production, factory systems, and wage labor (Located in Europe).

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who advocated free-market economics and wrote The Wealth of Nations (Located in Europe).

Laissez-faire

The idea that governments should not interfere with business or economic affairs; literally means "let it be" or "leave it alone" (Located in Europe).

Karl Marx

German philosopher and economist who co-wrote The Communist Manifesto, critiquing capitalism and arguing that the "haves" would exploit the "have nots" until a world revolution occurred that would make everyone equal (Located in Europe).

Fredrick Engels

A German social scientist, philosopher, and political theorist who co-authored The Communist Manifesto, supported Marx's theories, and analyzed industrial society's inequalities (Located in Europe).

Communism

An economic theory advocating for a classless society in which the means of production are owned and controlled collectively, and all property is publicly owned (Located in Europe).

Communist Manifesto

An 1848 pamphlet by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels outlining communism, criticizing capitalism, and calling for workers to unite and overthrow capitalist systems while outlining theoretical economic stages from Capitalism through Socialism to Communism (Located in Europe).

Industrial Revolution

A period of technological and economic transformation beginning in Britain in the 18th century, characterized by the use of new power sources like steam and coal, and leading to mechanization and rapid urbanization growth (Located in Europe).

Spinning Jenny

A multi-spindle spinning frame invented by James Hargreaves that reduced the amount of work needed to produce yarn and increased textile production speed (Located in Europe).

Water frame

A water-powered spinning machine invented by Richard Arkwright that revolutionized textile manufacturing and contributed to the creation of the factory system (Located in Europe).

James Hargreaves

An English inventor who created the Spinning Jenny in 1764, which was key to mechanizing textile production (Located in Europe).

Richard Arkwright

An English inventor and entrepreneur credited for developing the water frame and factory system; known as the "Father of the Factory" and the first millionaire (Located in Europe).

Eli Whitney

American inventor of the cotton gin and interchangeable parts, which transformed manufacturing (Located in North America).

Interchangeable parts

Identical machine parts that could be mass-produced and used in place of one another, making machine repair easier and proving crucial for modern factories (Located in North America).

Steam engine

A machine that converts heat energy into motion; perfected by James Watt, it powered factories, locomotives, and ships (Located in Europe).

James Watt

Scottish inventor and engineer whose improvements to the Newcomen steam engine made it more efficient and central to industrial power and to the Industrial Revolution (Located in Europe).

Steamship/Steamboat

A boat powered by steam engines that revolutionized transportation across rivers and oceans; first developed by Robert Fulton (Located in North America).

Crop rotation

The agricultural practice of growing different types of crops in sequence on the same piece of land over a period of time to help improve soil fertility (Located in Europe).

Seed drill

An agricultural sowing device invented by Jethro Tull that accurately planted seeds evenly and covered them, significantly increasing crop yields (Located in Europe).

Fossil fuel

Natural energy sources like coal and oil formed from ancient organic matter, used for energy during and after the Industrial Revolution.

Coal

A combustible black sedimentary rock used as a fossil fuel, serving as a key energy source of the Industrial Revolution to power engines and factories.

Cholera

An infectious disease spread through contaminated water, common in industrial cities with poor sanitation.

Locomotive

A steam-powered railway vehicle used to pull trains that transformed land transportation (Located in Europe).

George Stephenson

English engineer who built the first successful steam locomotive, named "The Rocket"; known as the "Father of Railways" (Located in Europe).

Transcontinental Railroad

A railroad connecting the east and west coasts of the U.S., promoting commerce, westward expansion, and migration (Located in North America).

Second Industrial Revolution

A phase of rapid industrialization in the late 19th-century marked by advances in steel, chemicals, electricity, and communication (Located in Europe).

Trans-Siberian Railroad

A major Russian rail line connecting Moscow to the Pacific, aiding in the expansion, industrialization, and development of Siberia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (Located in Europe).

Bessemer Process

The first inexpensive industrial process for mass-producing steel, which efficiently used air to remove impurities from molten iron; invented by Henry Bessemer (Located in Europe).

Edward Jenner

English physician and scientist who developed the first smallpox vaccine, advancing medical science and leading to a decline in some infectious diseases (Located in Europe).

Urbanization

The movement of people from rural areas to cities, primarily driven by the growth of factories and jobs during industrialization, leading to rapid urban growth and social change.

Industrialization

The transition from agrarian and handicraft-based economies to ones dominated by industry, factory production, and machine manufacturing (Began in Europe).

Cottage industry

A pre-industrial home-based production system where merchants provided raw materials to rural workers (often families) who manufactured goods, such as textiles, in their own homes (Located in Europe).

Putting-out system

An early manufacturing system where merchants distributed materials to rural workers for processing (Located in Europe).

Factory system

A centralized production method using machinery and wage labor, replacing the cottage industry and driving the Industrial Revolution (Located in Europe).

Factors of production

The resources necessary to produce goods and services, traditionally classified as land, labor, and capital (Located in Europe).

Division of labor

The assigning of different parts of a manufacturing process, or task, to different workers to improve efficiency (Located in Europe).

Assembly line

A manufacturing process in which parts are added to a product in a sequential manner as it moves along a conveyor belt, increasing speed and efficiency (Located in North America).

Second Agricultural Revolution

A period of great productivity in agriculture beginning in the 18th century that used new techniques (crop rotation, seed drill) and technologies to rapidly expand food production, helping fuel the Industrial Revolution and feed growing populations (Located in Europe).

Enclosure movement

British policy of enclosing community land into larger private holdings, displacing peasants and forcing many to become wage laborers or migrate to cities for industrial work (Located in Europe).

Capital

Wealth in the form of money or assets owned by a person or organization, used for investment to build industry (Located in Europe).

Corporations

Businesses owned by shareholders who buy shares of stock, which limits their personal financial risk and liability (Located in Europe).

Stock market

A system for buying and selling company shares, providing a way for corporations to raise capital (Located in Europe).

Monopoly

Exclusive control over a product or industry by a single company (Located in Europe).

John Stuart Mill

British philosopher and economist who advocated utilitarianism and liberal social reform, arguing for individual liberty and rights while supporting some government intervention in the economy (Located in Europe).

Tenement

A poorly maintained, overcrowded building or house divided into separate residences for rent, housing working-class families in industrial cities (Located in Europe).

Working class

A social group that emerged during industrialization, composed of people who perform manual labor, often in factories or mines, and are dependent on wage labor (Located in Europe).

Middle class

A typically very wealthy social class between the upper and working classes, including professionals, capitalists, bankers, and business owners (Located in Europe).

White-collar

Salaried workers in office, professional, and managerial roles (Located in Europe).

Internal combustion engine

A heat engine powered by burning fuel in an enclosed space, developed during the Second Industrial Revolution and key to powering automobiles (Located in Europe).

Specialization of labor

Focusing workers on specific tasks to improve productivity.

Textile production

The manufacturing of cloth and fabric; it was the first industry to industrialize, kicking off early industrialization with inventions like the Spinning Jenny and Water Frame (Located in Europe).

Migrant worker

A person who leaves home to find employment in another region or country, often in industrial or agricultural sectors.

Indentured labor

A system where workers sign contracts to work for fixed terms (usually 4-7 years) in exchange for payment of travel expenses or training.

Gold standard

A monetary system where the standard economic unit of account is a fixed weight of gold, linking paper money directly to a fixed amount of gold.

Insurance

A practice where individuals pool money, often administered by a company or government agency, to receive compensation and financial protection against loss such as damage, illness, or death (Located in Europe).

Limited-liability corporations

A business structure where members of the company or shareholders cannot be held responsible for the company's debts or liabilities (Located in Europe).

Telegraph

A revolutionary communication device that allowed messages to be transmitted over long distances along a wire using electrical signals (Located in Europe).

Evangelical Christianity

A religious movement emphasizing that individuals had the power to change their lives, could ensure their own salvation, and could improve their communities (Located in North America).