A&PI Lab 8-14 Open Notebook Final Review Spring 2026

Identify the highlighted sheep brain stem structure in the image.

superior colliculi

Every spinal segment is associated with a pair of dorsal root ganglia located near the spinal cord. These ganglia contain the ________ of sensory neurons

cell bodies

Preganglionic neurons from the sympathetic division release the neurotransmitter __________ and the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division release the neurotransmitter ____________.

ACh/ACh

What structure is highlighted in this image?

striations

Identify the brain lobe/structure labeled J

occipital lobe

Identify the somatic nervous system pathway structure labeled "A".

upper motor neurons

Femoral neuropathy resulting from damage to the femoral nerve can cause symptoms of numbness or tingling in the leg. Which nerve plexus does the femoral nerve belong to?

luumbar plexus

What type of proprioceptor detects tension in the tendon during muscle contraction?

Golgi tendon organs

An action potential is conducted throughout the interior of the muscle along the T tubules. Which structure changes shape in response to an action potential, allowing for the release of calcium?

voltage-gated protein

Identify the structure of the cross section of the spinal cord labeled "E".

anterior root

The major positive ion found in extracellular fluids; important for H₂O balance, conduction of nerve impulses, and muscle contraction is ___________.

sodium

Identify the tactile receptor of the skin labeled E.

lamellar corpuscle

Identify the synapse structure labeled G

synaptic cleft

What kind of muscle has the highlighted structures?

cardiac muscle

Identify the neuron structural classification labeled "A".

anaxonic neuron

Identify the head/face muscle labeled “C”.

levator labii superioris

Identify the nervous system receptor labeled C.

visceral sensory receptors

Why is anyone who previously had chickenpox at risk of developing shingles?

chickenpox and shingles are caused by the same virus, but shingles occurs from the activation of the dormant virus within the spinal cord

ANS postganglionic neuronal axons are non-myelinated. What can you conclude about the speed of motor signal transmission of postganglionic neurons?

the transmission speed is slower than myelinated axons

Which of the following organs is NOT correctly matched to its parasympathetic stimulation response?

oral/nasal mucosa- mucus production reduced

Peripheral nervous system (PNS) neuroglial cells called _________ produce the myelin, while central nervous system (CNS) neuroglial cells called __________ produce myelin. 

Schwann cells/oligodendrocytes

If depolarization has not hit threshold, will it generate an action potential?

no

What gland is attached to the hypothalamus by a structure called the infundibulum?

pituitary

Identify the structure/anatomical landmark of the cross section of the spinal cord labeled A.

lateral white column

Identify the skeletal muscle structure labeled “A”.

epimysium

Identify the anatomical structure of the spinal cord labeled "F".

cervical enlargement

What are two ways that ACh is removed from the synaptic cleft?

diffusion and break down by acetylcholinesterase

Identify the major skeletal muscle labeled “A”.

gluteus medius

During the resting state, the voltage-gated Na+ are ________ and K+ channels are ________.  

closed; closed

Identify the forearm muscle labeled “I”.

flexor retinaculum

What neuron structure receives information from other neurons?

dendrites

Neostigmine and related drugs prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase. What happens when neostigmine and related drugs prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine by acetylcholinesterase?

The junctional folds will remain depolarized and the muscle fiber will remain contracted.

Preganglionic fibers in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS synapse with what structure? [not including the sympathetic adrenal medulla pathway]

autonomic ganglion

What kind of sensory receptors are thermoreceptors?

free nerve endings

Identify the skeletal muscle structure labeled “E”. 

muscle fiber

Identify the cranial nerve labeled "F".

abducens nerve

Identify the major skeletal muscle labeled “B”.

sternocleidomastoid

What is another name for the sympathetic chain ganglia?

paravertebral ganglion

Identify the brain structure labeled "B".

diencephalon

Thoracolumbar refers to which division of the autonomic nervous system?

sympathetic

A mechanoreceptor is stimulated by distortions of its plasma membrane, but is not stimulated by warm or cool temperatures, or joint and muscle position. This characteristic is known as_________.

receptor specifity

Identify the highlighted ventral surface sheep brain structure in the image.

olfactory bulbs

Identify the major skeletal muscle labeled “J”.

occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis

Calcium ions bind to which regulatory protein during excitation-contraction coupling?

troponin

Dorsal horns consist of what type of neuron?

interneurons

What body regions are supplied by nerves from the lumbar enlargement?

pelvic structures and lower limbs

The area within each ventricle that produces CSF is called

choroid plexus

Identify the major skeletal muscle labeled “J”.

tibialis anterior

Identify the muscle fascicle arrangement labeled “G”.

multipennate muscle

What molecule stimulates itch receptors in a patient who has jaundice?

bile salts