Siya Gokhale Chapter 3: Histology

What is Histoloy?

The study of tissue.

What is cell differentiation?

The developmental process that results in different types of cells.

What are the four types of tissue in the body?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve.

What are the three general characteristics of epithelial tissue?

Adhere closely, no blood vessels, covers body surface or cavities.

What does avascular mean?

Cells with no blood vessels.

What are three ways epithelial tissue are classified?

Arrangement, layering, modifications.

What are simple cells?

One layer of cells.

What are stratified cells?

Multiple layers of cells.

How do squamous cells look?

Flat.

How do cuboidal cells look?

Boxy.

How do columnar cells look?

Tall and skinny.

What are the three types of cellular modifications?

Cilia, microvilli, goblet cells.

What type of cells do you find cellular modifications on?

Epithelial cells.

What are cilia?

Fine motile hairs.

What are microvilli?

Fingerlike extensions of the cell.

What are goblet cells?

Cells that secret mucus.

Where do you find simple squamous epithelial cells?

Alveoli in lungs.

Where do you find simple cuboidal cells?

Kidneys, lever, pancreas, thyroid, other glands.

What does Aden/o mean?

Vessel.

Where do you find simple columnar ciliated epithelial cells?

Fallopian tubes.

What do cilia on the fallopian tube do?

Carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus.

Where do you find simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells?

The lining of the stomach.

What do goblet cells in the stomach do?

Neutralize stomach acid.

Where do you find simple columnar brush border epithelial cells?

The lining of the intestine.

Where do you find pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelial cells?

The lining of the respiratory tract.

What does pseudo mean?

False.

What does pseudostratified mean?

Falsely stratified, not in layers.

What does cilia on the respiratory tract do?

Collect dust.

Where do you find transitional epithelium?

The lining of the urinary bladder.

Why is it called transitional epithelium?

Transforms as it stretches.

What does lumen mean?

/:

The hole that lets blood through.

What are the two subtypes of stratified squamous epithelium?

Non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium and keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium.

What is keratin?

Hardening protein.

Where do you find keratin?

In your hair, skin, and nails.

What are non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium?

No dead layers of cells.

Where do you find non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium?

Oral cavity, anal cavity, vaginal canal.

What is keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium?

Dead layers of cells present.

Where do you find keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium?

Epidermis of the skin.

What do all cells need to be surrounded by?

All cells need to be surrounded by fluid.

What is the function of connective tissue?

To connect and support the other tissues of the body.

How are connective tissue classified?

On the type of cell and the type of intercellular matter.

What is areolar loose connective tissue?

Connective tissue with fibroblasts macrophages mast cells.

What are fibroblasts?

Cells that secrete protein into the spaces between cells.

What are macrophages?

Cells that engulf foreign agents.

What are mast cells?

Cells that secrete histamine and other chemical mediators.

What is inflammation?

Swelling, redness, and pain.

What does erythema mean??

Dilation of blood vessels.

What is edema?

Swelling of blood vessels.

what two proteins are secreted by fibroblasts?

Collagen and elastin.

What is collagen?

Gives strength to the tissue.

What is elastin?

Gives elasticity to the tissue.

What is adipose tissue?

Connective tissue with white blood cells.

What is the function of adipose tissue?

Provides a reserve of food, insulates against heat loss, supports and protects the organs it encloses.

What are three common locations of adipose tissue?

Under skin, around kidneys and eyeballs, buttocks and breasts.

What are the two subtypes of dense fibrous connective tissue?

Regularly arranged dense fibrous connective tissue and irregularly arranged dense fibrous connective tissue.

What are the five places where dense fibrous connective tissue is common?

Tendons, ligaments, dura mater, fascia, prichondrium and periosteum.

What does peri mean?

Around.

How do regularly arranged dense fibrous connective tissue look?

In straight layers across.

How do irregularly arranged dense fibrous connective tissue look?

Spread out irregularly.

What is special about cartilage tissue, unlike other connective tissue?

Cartilage tissue is avascular.

What are the three types of cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage.

What are four locations where hyaline cartilage is found?

Long bones, front of the nose, trachea and larynx, and articulating bones.

Where is fibrocartilage found?

Intervertabral disks.

Where is elastic cartilage found?

External ear.

What are osteocytes?

Bone cells.

What does a compact bone look like?

Arranged in concentric circles called Haversian systems.

What does spongy bone look like?

Arranged in a spongy network.

What are osteoblasts?

Hormones that secrete calcium mineral to form bone tissue.

What are osteoclasts?

Hormones that break down calcium mineral for bone resorption.

What is resorption?

Breaking down calcium mineral.

What is ossification?

Forming bone tissue.

What are haversian systems?

The arrangement in concentric circles.

What is a diaphysis?

Shaft of the bone.

What is an epiphysis?

End part of the bone.

What is in the medullary cavity?

Red and yellow bone marrow.

What is hemopoiesis?

Blood creating.

What is hemopoietic tissue?

Tissue containing blood and lymph.

What are erythrocytes?

Red blood cells.

What are leukocytes?

White blood cells.

What are platelets?

Thrombocytes producing tromboplastin.

What is thromboplastin?

What triggers blood clotting.

What are neoplasms?

Tumors.

What are benign tumors?

Increased multiplication of tissue cells.

What are malignant tumors?

Abnormal cells exhibiting metastasis or migration.