Accessibility and Adapted Physical Activity

What is the medical model of disability?

It locates disability in the body or impairment and emphasizes treatment or changing the individual.

What is the social model of disability?

It locates disabling restrictions in social barriers, negative attitudes, and exclusion, and emphasizes removing them.

Why do the lecture notes recommend a balanced disability perspective?

People may experience both impairment-related difficulties and barriers created by society.

What disability model is illustrated by adding a ramp to a stepped entrance?

The social model, because the environment changes to enable access.

What are the five accessibility barrier categories?

Attitudinal; organizational/systemic; architectural/physical; information/communication; technological.

What is an attitudinal barrier?

A discriminatory behaviour, perception, or assumption about a person with a disability.

What is an organizational or systemic barrier?

A policy, procedure, or practice that unfairly limits participation, sometimes unintentionally.

What is an architectural or physical barrier?

A feature of a building or space that creates an access difficulty.

What is an information or communication barrier?

Information cannot easily be perceived or understood, such as small print or unclear signs.

What is a technological barrier?

A device or platform is inaccessible or cannot work with assistive technology.

Why can a screen-reader-incompatible website fit two barrier categories?

It is a technological failure that also prevents access to information.

What does AODA stand for?

Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act.

What five areas does the AODA slide identify?

Customer service; information and communication; employment; transportation; design of public spaces.

What does WCAG's POUR mean?

Perceivable: users can perceive information. Operable: users can operate the interface. Understandable: users can understand information. Robust: content remains accessible as technology develops.

Who benefits from curb cuts besides wheelchair users?

People with walkers, strollers, bicycles, and delivery dollies.

What accessibility tradeoff appears in the curb-cut notes?

Tactile boundary warnings may help some users while making rolling more difficult for wheelchair users.

What is the main nutrition message for para-athletes?

Core sport nutrition concepts apply, but recommendations must be individualized rather than automatically transferred from able-bodied athletes.

Which impaired-function examples appear in the para-athlete lecture?

Impaired strength, impaired range of motion, hypertonia, ataxia, and athetosis.

Which impaired-structure examples appear in the para-athlete lecture?

Limb deficiency, leg length difference, and short stature.

Can energy expenditure increase or decrease in para-athletes?

Yes; impairment, movement efficiency, lean body mass, and other individual factors can change it in either direction.

What practical eating barriers are listed for para-athletes?

Insufficient support at mealtimes and difficulty swallowing.

Which three types of function can SCI affect?

Sensory, motor, and autonomic function.

How can atrophy below an SCI lesion affect nutrition planning?

It changes energy expenditure and glycogen storage considerations.

What glucose and temperature concerns are listed for SCI?

Impaired glucose uptake and impaired thermoregulation.

What digestive and elimination concerns appear in the SCI material?

Bowel/bladder management, gut dysbiosis, and increased gastrointestinal transit time.

Which movement concerns are listed for hemiplegia?

Spasticity, reduced range of motion, hypertonia/dystonia, and possibly impaired movement efficiency.

Why can limb deficiency increase walking energy cost while reducing resting needs?

Walking may be less efficient while reduced lean body mass may lower resting energy expenditure.

How can limb deficiency affect heat loss?

Reduced body surface area may reduce evaporative heat dissipation.

What nutrition needs and practical supports are associated with visual impairment?

Physiological needs may resemble those of able-bodied athletes, while shopping, food preparation, and plating may require support.

What fibre benchmark and results appear in Shaw et al. (2024)?

At least 14 g fibre per 1,000 kcal; 58% of females and 25% of males met it in the study presented.

Which nutrients exceeded tolerable upper limits for some study participants?

Vitamin B3, vitamin B6, calcium, iron, and zinc.

What does RED-S stand for?

Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport.

What four roles of carbohydrate are listed?

Maintain training intensity, manage fatigue, support immune function, and sustain training adaptations.

What main roles of protein are listed?

Muscle protein synthesis, training adaptations, and recovery.

What protein-versus-energy challenge may occur in para-athletes?

Protein needs may rise while total energy requirements fall.

What iron concerns appear in the para-athlete lecture?

Condition-related inflammation can increase hepcidin; intakes are often below RDA, and GI problems may lead athletes to restrict iron sources.

Why are vitamin D and calcium highlighted?

Reduced weight bearing increases the risk of low bone mineral density.

What hydration concerns and target appear in the lecture?

Toileting difficulties may encourage fluid restriction. Avoid dehydration and overhydration; small amounts of fluid with sodium may help retain water. Aim to limit fluid loss to 2% of body weight.

What caffeine benefits and cautions appear in the lecture?

Possible cognitive/decision-making benefits after brain injury and benefits in SCI, with timing and dose potentially different from able-bodied protocols. It may be detrimental for people prone to spasticity.

What are the lecture's main findings on creatine, fish oil, and leucine?

Creatine: mixed findings, some clinical improvements in SCI/TBI. Fish oil: anti-inflammatory effects and possible health benefits. Leucine: muscle strength/size benefits discussed and tentative cognitive-fatigue effects.

What does the lecture say about vitamin D, nitrates, and sodium citrate for performance?

No evidence of performance enhancement in the summarized evidence, with study-design limits and possible therapeutic effects.

How does the innovation lecture define innovation?

Any change that creates value.

What four forms can accessible sport innovation take?

Equipment; environment; rules/process; support/experience.

Why should designers avoid starting with an invention?

They may solve a problem they have not yet understood.

What are the seven innovation steps in order?

Person, Experience, Barrier, Insight, Options, Test, Reality.

Why start with a specific person rather than only a diagnosis?

A specific person's goal and context reveal a more useful problem and desired experience.

What are the six stages of the participation experience?

Before: decide/register; Get there: transport/access; Get ready: change/transfer/orient; Participate: play/exercise; Finish: recover/leave; Belong: socialize/return.

What six barrier categories appear in the innovation framework?

Physical; information; social; economic; rules/process; safety/support.

How do research and people contribute differently to discovery?

Research examines prevalence, existing solutions, and evidence; people explain lived experiences, difficulties, and workarounds.

What kinds of discovery questions are recommended?

Ask about the last actual attempt, what was difficult, workarounds, and what the person has already tried.

What is an insight in accessible sport innovation?

A specific learning that changes what you would do.

What insight is illustrated by the wheelchair gym example?

Repeated transfers and setup may be the main difficulty rather than a need for different machines.

What is the structure of a focused How might we question?

How might we + action/change + for whom + to improve what?

How many options does the innovation lecture recommend generating?

10 different options before committing to one solution.

What should be tested first in an innovation concept?

The biggest uncertainty about what must be true for the idea to work.

What four issues belong in an innovation reality check?

Cost to build/deliver/operate; who pays; adoption by people who must approve or change behaviour; operations such as training, maintenance, and delivery.

What is APPA and what problem does it address?

Adaptive Play Personalized Activity: a recurring adaptive activity box for a 5-8-year-old with cerebral palsy. It makes repetitive exercise into play using low-cost items and instructions, paid for by a parent.

What does IFAPA stand for in the history slide logo?

International Federation of Adapted Physical Activity.

Which dated history anchors are explicitly listed in the October 6 slides?

1967 Pan American Games; University of Alberta 1968; IFAPA 1977; Toronto 2015; Invictus Games 2017 and 2025. Most significance is not explained.

What does the Joy Is Gold campaign emphasize?

Belonging, confidence, achievement, and Special Olympics' impact on athletes with intellectual and developmental disabilities and their communities.