HD 1130 Chap 8

Initiative

The drive in early childhood to use skills and attempt new activities without excessive fear of failure.

Guilt

A feeling of shame or embarrassment experienced when children interpret mistakes as personal failure.

Self-understanding

The child's cognitive representation of self based largely on physical and material characteristics.

Unrealistically positive self-descriptions

A self-protective feature in early childhood where children confuse their actual ability with effort.

Understanding others

The developing ability in early childhood to perceive people by psychological traits and joint commitments.

Self-conscious emotions

Emotions such as pride shame embarrassment and guilt that require self-awareness and parental feedback.

Emotion-coaching parents

Parents who monitor negative emotions and view them as teaching opportunities while assisting in labeling feelings.

Emotion-dismissing parents

Parents who view their role as denying ignoring or changing a child's negative emotions.

Prosocial behavior

Voluntary actions intended to benefit others that increase as children develop a better understanding of emotions.

Moral development

The development of thoughts feelings and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about social interactions.

Freud's superego

The moral element of personality formed during early childhood to reduce anxiety and avoid punishment.

Heteronomous morality

Piaget's first stage of moral reasoning from ages 4 to 7 where justice and rules are viewed as unchangeable properties.

Immanent justice

The heteronomous concept that breaking a rule automatically results in immediate punishment.

Autonomous morality

Piaget's stage where older children realize that laws are created by people and consider an actor's intentions.

Moral behavior

Actions shaped by reinforcement punishment imitation and cognitive factors involved in self-control.

Gender

The social and psychological characteristics associated with being male or female.

Gender identity

The sense of being male or female acquired by most children around age 3.

Gender role

A cultural set of expectations prescribing how females or males should think act and feel.

Gender typing

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

Estrogens

Hormones that influence the development of female physical sex characteristics.

Androgens

Hormones that promote the development of male physical sex characteristics.

Social role theory

The view that gender differences result from the contrasting social roles of men and women.

Psychoanalytic theory of gender

Freud's view that preschoolers develop sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and identify with the same-sex parent.

Social cognitive theory of gender

The theory that gender development occurs through observing and imitating models while receiving rewards or punishments.

Mothers' socialization strategies

Parental practices that encourage daughters to be obedient and responsible while restricting autonomy.

Fathers' socialization strategies

Parental practices that pay more attention to sons and put more effort into promoting sons' intellectual development.

Peer gender enforcement

The process where peers extensively reward gender-appropriate behavior and punish gender-nonconforming behavior.

Gender schema theory

The theory that children gradually organize the world into female and male cognitive frameworks.

Gender schema

A cognitive structure and network of associations that guides gender-appropriate perceptions.

Authoritarian parenting

A restrictive and punitive style where children must follow directions and little verbal exchange is allowed.

Authoritative parenting

A style encouraging independence while placing limits and controls through extensive verbal give-and-take.

Neglectful parenting

A style where the parent is uninvolved leading to poor self-control and low self-esteem in children.

Indulgent parenting

A style where parents are highly involved but place few demands resulting in poor self-control and egocentrism.

Reciprocal socialization

The mutual process in which children socialize parents just as parents socialize children.

Corporal punishment drawbacks

Harsh physical discipline that models out-of-control behavior and instills fear rage or avoidance.

Co-parenting

The mutual support that parents provide to one another in raising a child.

Child neglect

The failure to provide for a child's basic physical educational or emotional needs.

Physical abuse

Nonaccidental physical injury caused by a caregiver or parent.

Consequences of child maltreatment

Developmental risks including poor emotion regulation attachment issues depression and suicide ideation.

Abuse prevention treatments

Interventions such as home visitation and parent-infant psychotherapy that improve parenting and attachment.

Sibling emotional quality

A dimension of sibling relationships characterized by intense positive and negative feelings.

Firstborn children

Children who are often described as more adult-oriented helpful conforming and self-controlled compared to later-borns.

Working mothers

Maternal employment associated with children developing less gender stereotyping and more egalitarian views.

Divorce consequences

Impacts where a minority of children experience long-term adjustment problems while most adjust successfully.

Gay and lesbian parents

Parents who share childcare more equally and raise children showing no differences in mental health compared to heterosexual parents.

Lower-SES parenting

Parenting focused on conformity to expectations authority and physical discipline.

Higher-SES parenting

Parenting focused on developing children's initiative using less directive and more conversational discipline.

Play therapy

A therapeutic approach allowing children to work off frustrations and analyze conflicts through play.

Sensorimotor play

Play where infants derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemes.

Practice play

Play involving the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or mastered.

Pretense or symbolic play

Play that transforms the physical environment into symbolic representations.

Social play

Play that involves interaction with peers.

Constructive play

Play combining sensorimotor or practice play with symbolic representation.

Games

Activities engaged in for pleasure that follow established rules.

Screen time negative impacts

Excessive media use linked to passive learning distraction reduced activity higher aggression and poor sleep