PATHO FINAL

causes of shift the the right in oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

high co2

high acidity

increase in 2,3 DPG

increase in exercise levels

increase in temp (hyperthermia)

neuromuscular manifestations of hypomagnesemia

• personality change

• tetany

• athetoid movements (slow)

• choreiform (jerky )

• nystagmus (eyes)

• Babinski

• chvostek ( tap on face and have muscle twitch)

  
  

primary prevention

remove risk factors, immunization

secondary prevention

screening, pap smears

tertiary prevention

reducing complications, meds antibiotics

cellular adaptations that occur in neuromuscular disorders

pathological atrophy local or generalized

dietary antioxidants

natural synthetic molecules that inhibit the reaction of ROS with biological structures

fruits, vegstables, whole grains, cereals, dairy

chrons

inflammation of the bowel

celiac disease

immune reaction to eating gluten

adenoma

benign tumor of glandular epithelial tissue

cause of decreased afterload in septic shock

vasodilation, decreased vascular resistance

predisposing factors for pulmonary embolism

virchow’s triad

venous stenosis: - A fib and low cardiac output

injury to the endothelium: trauma, infection, immobility

hypercoagulability: polycythemia (high RBC with an increase in hematocrit)

clinical manifestations of ARDS

can present no signs early

may only have tachypnea or dyspnea

will need oxygen

crackles upon auscultation

CXR looks worse

most common cause of ARDS

SEPSIS

Visual field deficits in retinal detachment

small floaters, as it gets worse, you see shadow or dark curtain initially only one quadrant

patho of aortic aneurysms

ballooning of artery cause by weakening in the wall of the artery, in the tunica media layer of the artery wall, the wall becomes thin due to the destruction of elastic fibers in tunica media

the artery balloons out during diastole phase and can lead to aortic rupture

risk factors for peripheral arterial disease

hypertension, diabetes, smoking

modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease

high lipid levels

hypertension

smoking

impaired glucose tolerance

dietary habits

symptoms of hypertension

usually no symptoms other than elevated BP

CLINICAL MANEFESATIONS OF RIGHT SIDED HF

Whole body

• fatigue, ascites, enlarged liver and spleen, distended jugular veins, anorexia, complaints of GI stress, weight gain, edema

most common cause of mitral stenosis

rheumatic fever

most definitive lab finding of MI

troponin

pathophysiology of adenocarcinoma in the lung

most common in America, women, and non-smokers

origin is either bronchiolar or alveolar tissue in the lung and tend to be peripheral

has glandular appearance in microscope

easily seen on XR

highly metastatic

most common symptom in bladder cancer

painless hematuria

WAGR syndrome associated with wilms tumor

cluster of abnormalities,

WAGR syndrome characterized by combination of features that include wilms tumor (type of kidney cancer) aniridia (no iris) and intellectual disabilities

people with WAGR have an increased risk of developing wilms tumor

most common site of osteosarcoma

legs, mot fatal primary malignant bone tumor

lab findings for liver cancer

ELEVATED : ALT, AST, ALP, Gamma GT, AFT

CBC: ANEMIA LOW RBC, LOW Hgb and Hct

patho for atrial septal defect

persistent opening that allows shunting of blood across the atrial septum, usually asymptomatic, if untreated can cause atrial dysrhythmias or stroke, closes on its own

physical findings of hypogonadism (andropause)

fatigue, depression, decreased libbido, ED, loss of secondary sex characterisitcs, loss of muscle mass, increase in fat, decreased bone density

risk of HRT

prostate cancer, breast cancer, blood clots, diabetes, kidney disease, stroke, swelling of hands and feet

incidence of hyperparathyroidism

2-4 times more in women

labs for Addisons disease

hypoglycemia, hyperkalemia (decreased excretion of potassium) and hyponatremia (increased loss of sodium, chloride, water)

source of catecholamine and steroids in adrenal gland

cortex for steroids

medulla for catecholamines

patho for polyuria

excess amount of glucose exceeds to ability the kidneys reabsorb, causes overflow into excess urine

labs for DKA

HIGH GLUCOSE >250 mg

low ph <7.3

LOW HCO3<25

LOW BUN <25

LOW OSMOLALITY <320

Most common cause of mechanical and functional intestinal obstruction

mechanical- intrinsic or extrinsic conditions

post-op lime external hernia and adhesions are most of the cause

how to maintain bone mass

exercise, eat enough calcium, weight bearing exercise like walking, rowing, premenopausal women need more than 1000 mg of calcium and post need 1500

patho of osteoporosis in women

hormones affect osteoporosis, leads to imbalance in osteoclast and blast. it is caused by lack of estrogen, loss is most during ealy menopause.

osteoclasts dissolve

blasts help grow

decreased estrogen makes more osteoclasts

teaching for parents with a child with cystic fibrosis

play sports to keep lungs healthy, avoid infections, sanitize, vaccines are important

treatment for struvite kidney stones

pain meds , treat the UTI, increaase fluid

care for patients with kidney stones

control the pain, increase fluid, strain urine to collect stone and find type of stone , teach to avoid foods high in purine, calcium, oxalates

complications of peritoneal dialysis

infection from site, bleeding, pain, hernia, pulmonary edema

kidneys role in vitamin D activation

converts inactive form of vitamin D into active form

reduced levels of calcitriol lead to impaired calcium absorption from GI tract

patho of oblique Fracture

Occur at an angle, has a break in straight line that is angles across the width of the bone , cause by landing on the bone at an angle, or when bone is hit suddenly from an angle

open fracture

open wound, protrusion of bone, pain, bleeding,

common types of fractures in kids

torus fractures- buckling of the bone cortex

greenstick fractures- cracks on one side of cortex

causalgia

severe burning pain caused by injury to the peripheral nerve

labs for hemolytic anemia

decreased hemoglobin, and hematinic

increased LDH, bilirubin, and reticulocyte count

abnormal or premature destruction of RBC

labs in erythroblastosis fetalis

check bilirubin for jaundice

peripheral blood morphology shows increase in reticulocytes

erythroblasts

positive DIRECT coombs test

MOM: positive INDRECT coombs test

most common cause for pressure ulcers

ischemic lesions

patho for esophageal varices

dilated veins in the esophagus that connect the portal and systemic circulation and caused by gradual obstruction of venous blood flow in the liver . swollen veins in the lower part of esophagus

diet to reduce ammonia with cirrhosis/hepatatic encephalopathy

low protein , reduce meat consumption

autonomic dysreflexia

severe headache, uti,, increase in BP, nasal congestion, bradycardia, flushed face, responses are exaggerated

prostate specific antigen

protein that is produced in the prostate cells when there is prostate cancer present

labs with AKI in recovery

BUN and creatinine decrease , GFT normalizes

labs for systemic lupus erythematosus

positive ANA test, high CRP, positive dsDNA antibodies

patho of sjogrens syndrome

autoimmune that attacks and damages the tear ducts in the eyes and salivary glands

labs for hashimotos thyroiditis

most common hypothyroidism

high tsh

low t3 and t4

diagnostic test for seizures

ct, mri, eeg

types of vector bone viral infections that cause encephalitis

west nile, st louis encephalitis

mediastinal shift in tension pneumothorax

positive pressure creates the shift where there is high presure pushing the heard into unaffected area

assessment finding of pneumothorax

pain, respiratory distress, unequal chest expansion, tracheal deviation, central cyanosis

goal of intiretroviral therapy

reduce viral load

factors that lead to uti in hosptial

urinary catheters

most common cause of UTI

E COLI

Trans ischemic attack

mini strokes where blood flow to BV is blocked or reduced, are a medical emergency

incidence of psoriatic arthritis

affects males and females the same

cause of shift in oxgyblobin dissociation curve

increased acidity, increase in CO2, hypercarbia, increased exercise levels, hyperthermia

not approved for dialysis

decreased hemoglobin

heart muscle disease unrelated to cardiovasucular disease

cardiopathy

pulmonary edema is caused by failure of

left ventricle

myasia gravis

autoimmune disorder that is muscle weakness and fatigue after periods of exercise, perform physically demanding activites early to better muscle endurance

predominant cause of angina

coronary artery disease

compensation for shock

increased HR and oliguria

hypertension and brady cardia

autonomic dysreflexia

SIADH

Excessive release of antidiuretic hormone that leads to hyponatremia (low sodium)