AP Psych Unit 2 Quiz 1

What is Bottom up Processing?

When the perception is built from the brain using real time perception from features

What is Top Down Processing?

When the perception is driven by the brain using prior knowledge, expectations, memories

What is a schema?

A mental framework or pattern of thought that helps you process incoming information based on past experiences

What are perceptual sets?

a bias to perceiveor interpret sensory data in a certain way while ignoring other details

What are the three factors that effect perception?

context, experinces, expectations

What is closure?

When the brain fills in gaps to perceive a complete, whole object

What is proximity?

Grouping objects that are close together

What is similarity?

grouping objects that look alike

What is selective attention?

Whatever captures our limited attention is deemed as important

What is inintentional blindness?

Not noticing things in an environment

What is the Cocktail party effect?

When you hear your name in a loud or distracting environment

What is change blindess?

Failing to notice changes in environment

What is retinal disparity?

Comparing retinal images of two eyes, then the brain judged how close the object is

How does retinal disparity work?

By combining and comparing images from the eyes

What is convergence?

An inward angle of the eyes focusing on a near object

How does convergence work?

It works by tracking inward movement of the eyes

What are binocular clues?

Visual signals that need both eyes to work together to judge distance and space

What are monocular clues?

Visual signals that need one eye to judge distance and space

What is relative size?

When smaller retinal image appears further away

What is relative clarity?

When an object is closer it’s clearer

What is texture gradient?

The closer an object is, the more detailed it’s texture appears.

What is linear perspective?

Lines getting closer to create an illusion of the Earth

What are monocular cues?

When backed object appear further away

What is assimilation?

Fitting new info into an existing schema

What is accomodation?

Changing schemas to fit new information

What is a concept?

A mental grounding of similar objects, events and ideas

What is a prototype?

An example of a concept that we compare new things to

What is an algorithm?

A step by step procedure that guarantees a solution but can be slow

What is a heuristic?

A mental shortcut that’s fast and works but can lead to errors

What is convergent thinking?

Narrowing options to the best answer

What is divergent thinking?

Expanding options to many different answers

What is divergent thinking used for?

To generate ideas

What is convergent thinking used for?

To pick one idea

What is executive function?

The brains management system

What does executive function rely on?

The prefrontal cortex

What is inhibition?

Stopping an automatic response

What is working memory?

Holding in and using information in mind

What is cognitive flexibility?

Switching strategies once one stops working

What is metacognition?

Monitoring what you know, and thinking about your own thinking

What is availability heuristic?

Judging how likely something us by how easily examples come to mind

What is familiarity bias?

Judging familiar things as better because they feel familiar

What is Confirmation bias?

Seeking and remembering evidence which supports what you already believe

What is hindsight bias?

Believing an outcome was predictable after learning it

What is framing?

How the way something is worded or shown can change decisions and judgments even when facts are identical.

What is sunk cost fallacy?

Continuing with a task because you have invested time and money into it

What is gamblers fallacy?

The idea independent random events are effected by past outcomes

What is functional fixedness?

When someone only uses an object in its traditional way

What is explicit memory?

Effortful memory

What is implicit memory?

when you use nondeclarative automatic memory

What is prospective memory?

Remembering futrure actions

What are the types of explicit memory?

Semantic and Episodic

What is Semantic memory?

Explicit memory for facts, concepts, general knowledge, and school knowledge

What is episodic memory?

Explicit memory for personal experiences tied to a time an dplace of your life

What is automatic processing?

Processing that occurs without effort, but needs encoding

What is effortful processing?

things that need conscious effort

What is encoding?

Getting things into our memory

What is storage?

Holding onto information overtime

What are the levels of processing?

structural, phonemic, and semantic

What is structural processing?

Processing focusing on what something looks like

What is phonemic processing?

Processing focusing on the sound of the information

What is semantic processing?

The meaning of the information