KIN220

Which of the following is NOT a major bone in the lower body

Humerus

A fractured located at the end of a long bone is known as a ___ fracture

Epiphyseal

A break in the bone that occurs longitudinally along the bone’s long axis is known as what type of fracture?

Linerar

A subluxation occurs when a bone in a joint is forced out of its normal alignment and must be manually reduced

False

The force of a pulling action trying to elongate a structure is known as

tension

shear forces can be described as?

forces push a part of a body in one direction and another in the opposite

when assesing the muscle, you should palpate for which of the following?

tenderness, spasms, or swelling

which of the following represents the correct order of carpal bones in the proximal row?

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

the human body has ___ carpal bones on each hand

8

The etiology of an injury examines what?

the cause of an injury

An athlete has pain that is dull, aching, and refers to another area. They are likely describing which type of pain?

Muscular Pain

an explination of what to expect as an injury heals is known as?

injury prognosis

If an athlete perceives that they are capable of meeting the demands of a situation, stress response will be minimal.

True

which of the following is NOT a sign of poor adjustment to an injury?

Feelings of anger and confusion for 2 weeks immediately after the injury

Which of the following is not a factor that may affect an athlete’s stress response?

attentional changes

Some Lovers Try Positions, That They Can’t Handle

Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform, Tramezium trapezoid capitate hamate

What is dislocation

• occurs when (at least) one bone in a joint is forced completely out of its normal alignment and must be manually reduced

• common in shoulder/fingers

• signs: deforming

What is subluxation

Similar to dislocation except that the bone comes partially out of its normal allignment but goes back in on its own

What makes up most of the hands length

metacarpals

What is bigger (wider)?

Distal radius

What does the distal radius articulate with?

Distal ulna + carpal bones

Support & Structure

Bones form the skeletal framework, providing the body with its shape and allowing it to stand upright.

Protection

Bones encase and protect vital organs — skull protects brain, rib cage protects heart and lungs, vertebrae protect spinal cord.

Movement

Bones act as levers, working with muscles and joints to enable movement.

Mineral Storage

Bones store calcium and phosphorus, which can be released into the bloodstream when needed.

Blood Cell Production (Hematopoiesis)

Occurs in bone marrow; produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

Tendon

Connects muscle to bone; transmits muscular force to produce movement.

Ligament

Connects bone to bone; provides joint stability and limits excessive motion.

Fracture

Any disruption in the continuity of bone. Can be caused by direct trauma (force applied to the bone) or indirect trauma (force transmitted from elsewhere).

Diaphyseal Fracture

A fracture located in the shaft (middle portion) of a long bone.

Epiphyseal Fracture

A fracture located at the ends of a long bone (near the growth plate).

Articular Fracture

A fracture involving the joint surface.

Incomplete Fracture

A fracture that does not go all the way through the bone — the bone is cracked but still partially intact.

Non-Displaced Fracture

A fracture where bone pieces remain in normal anatomical alignment.

Displaced Fracture

A fracture where bone fragments shift out of normal alignment.

Open (Compound) Fracture

A fracture where the bone breaks through the skin.

Closed (Simple) Fracture

A fracture where the skin remains intact and bone does not break through.

Transverse Fracture

A break perpendicular (90°) to the bone's long axis — appears as a straight horizontal line across the bone.

Oblique Fracture

A fracture at a diagonal angle to the long axis of the bone.

Spiral Fracture

Caused by a twisting/rotational (torsion) force; the fracture line winds around the bone shaft like a corkscrew.

Greenstick Fracture

An incomplete fracture common in children where one side of the bone breaks and the other side bends, like a young tree branch.

Comminuted Fracture

The bone is shattered into 3 or more fragments, often from high-impact trauma.

Longitudinal (Linear) Fracture

A break that runs parallel to the long axis of the bone.

Avulsion Fracture

Occurs when a ligament or tendon pulls a small piece of bone away from the main bone during a sudden, forceful movement.

Stress Fracture

Small hairline cracks in bone resulting from repetitive overuse. Caused by muscle overload, fatigue, changes in surface, or rhythmic repetitive stress.

Signs and Symptoms of a Fracture

Pain and point tenderness, deformity, swelling/bruising, crepitus (grinding), paresthesia (tingling/numbness), decreased perfusion, inability to bear weight.

Dislocation

A bone is forced COMPLETELY out of its normal joint alignment and must be manually reduced. Deformity almost always present. Common at shoulder and fingers.

Subluxation

A bone partially comes out of normal alignment but spontaneously self-reduces. Common at shoulder and patella.

Tension Force

A pulling action that tries to elongate or stretch a structure.

Compression Force

A pushing action that tends to shorten or compress a structure.

Bending Force

Loading about an axis — a combination of tension on one side and compression on the other.

Shear Force

Unaligned forces that push one part of a body in one direction and another part in the opposite direction simultaneously.

Torsion Force

A load applied that causes a structure to twist about an axis — classically causes spiral fractures.

Active Range of Motion (ROM)

The patient performs movements independently while the clinician observes. Clinician notes limitations, pain, or crepitus.

Passive Range of Motion (ROM)

The clinician supports the limb and gently moves the joint through its full range of motion, noting restrictions, pain, or abnormal sensations.

Palpation

The process of using hands to examine the body for potential injury. Begin with light pressure away from the injury site, gradually increasing pressure and moving toward the site.

Dysesthesia

Diminished or abnormal skin sensation detected during palpation.

Anesthesia (in palpation)

Complete numbness of an area detected during palpation.

Etiology

The cause of an injury — also called the Mechanism of Injury (MOI).

Pathology

The structural AND functional changes that result from the cause (etiology) of an injury.

Symptom

A perceptible change in the patient's body or function — SUBJECTIVE, reported by the patient during the history.

Sign

A definitive and obvious indicator of a pathology — OBJECTIVE, determined by the clinician during observation, palpation, or special tests.

Diagnosis

Identification of the specific injury or pathology based on all signs and symptoms.

Differential Diagnosis

All possible diagnoses that have not yet been excluded by examination findings.

Prognosis

A prediction of the course of the condition — what to expect as the injury heals and estimated recovery time.

HOPS

The four steps of injury evaluation: History, Observation, Palpation, Special Tests.

Nerve Pain

Sharp, bright, burning quality; follows nerve distribution.

Bone Pain

Localized and piercing quality; point-specific to the fracture or bone injury site.

Muscle Pain

Dull and aching quality; may refer to another area away from the injury.

Vascular Pain

Poorly localized and aching quality; referred from another area.

FOOSH

Fall On OutStretched Hand — a common mechanism of injury that can cause a fractured wrist or dislocated shoulder.

Carpal Bones (Proximal Row)

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform — mnemonic: "Sally Left The Party"

Carpal Bones (Distal Row)

Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate — mnemonic: "To Take Cathy Home"

Metacarpals

The 5 bones representing most of the hand's length. Numbered 1 (thumb/lateral) to 5 (pinky/medial).

Phalanges

Finger bones. Each finger has 3 (proximal, middle, distal). The thumb has only 2 — proximal and distal (no middle phalanx).

Biopsychosocial Model

A model recognizing that injury involves three interacting factors: Biological (physical damage), Psychological (emotions/cognition), and Social (support systems/environment).

Stress-Injury Model

A model showing that stressors lead to cognitive appraisal, which influences the stress response (muscle tension, narrowed attention, distractibility), increasing injury risk.

Cognitive Appraisal

The athlete's mental evaluation of demands vs. capabilities. If demands exceed capabilities, the stress response is pronounced and injury risk increases. If capabilities exceed demands, stress response is minimal.

Physiological/Attentional Stress Responses

Narrowing of attention, higher levels of muscle tension, and greater distractibility — all increase injury risk.

Effects of Increased Muscle Tension

Generalized fatigue, muscle inefficiency, reduced flexibility, and motor coordination problems. Complex fine motor tasks are most susceptible.

History of Stressors

Three types: Catastrophes (large-scale, e.g., COVID-19), Major life events (divorce, graduation), Minor events (daily hassles or uplifts). Previous injury is also a stressor.

Coping Resources

Behaviors and social networks that help athletes handle stress — sleep, nutrition, time management, social support, ability to calm anxiety and maintain focus.

Signs of Poor Adjustment to Injury

Anger/confusion beyond 2 weeks, obsession with return-to-play, denial, repeated re-injury, guilt, withdrawal from others, rapid mood swings, statements that recovery won't occur.

The 2-Week Rule

Feelings of anger and confusion within the first 2 weeks post-injury are normal. Beyond 2 weeks is a sign of poor psychological adjustment.

Sport Psychology Interventions in Rehab

Build rapport, provide emotional support, educate about the injury, teach coping skills (goal setting, positive self-talk, imagery, relaxation), foster social support, and teach how to cope with setbacks.