Psychology Unit 3- infancy & childhood

continuity and stages is a issue how does it play a role on development

Development happens gradually or in separate stages

stability and changes is a issue how does it play a role on development

some traits stay the same while others change as we grow

Nature and Nurture is a issue how does it play a role on development

Genes(nature) and environment(nurture) work together to shape who we become

Describe human development from conception to the newborn stage

Conception: a sperm fertilizes as egg forming one cell

zygote: the fertilized egg that begins dividing into more cells

embryo: early development when major organs and body structure begins forming

Fetus: the developing human from the end of the embryonic stage until birth

Newborn: a baby after birth

What is a teratogen?

is something that harms a developing baby

How can alcohol impact a fetus with fetal alcohol syndrome?

it can cause physical abnormalities, brain damage, and learning problems called fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

The key stages of motor development?

-rolling over

-sit

-crawl

-walk

What affects brain growth which in turn impacts motor development?

is affected by genes, maturation, and experiences- these help develop motor skills

sensormotor is a stage of cognitive development by Piaget describe it

(birth-2) babies learn by touching, seeing, and moving

preoperational is a stage of cognitive development by Piaget describe it

(ages 2-7) children use words and pretend but struggle with logic

concrete operational is a stage of cognitive development by Piaget describe it

(7-11) children understand logic and that amounts stay the same

Formal operational is a stage of cognitive development by Piaget describe it

(age 12+) people think about abstract ideas and “what if” situations

key developmental event

object permanence: knowing something exists when hidden

Key developmental event

pretend to play: pretending a box is a car

Key developmental event

conservation: knowing the amount stays the same even if it looks different

Key developmental event

abstract logic: thinking about “what if” situations

Key developmental event

ego centrism: struggling to see another persons point of view

key developmental event

theory of mind: knowing others have their own thoughts and feelings

whos ideas are about attachment?

Harlow and Ainsworth

key characteristics attachment

Harlow: his monkey experiments showed that babies prefer comfort and warmth over food alone

key characteristics attachment

Ainsworth: studied how babies react when their caregiver leaves and comes back

key characteristics attachment

secure attachment: babies feel safe and want comfort from caregiver

key characteristics attachment

insecure attachment: children may be clingy or avoid others

what are the effects of attachment

secure attachment helps children trust others and build healthy relationships

lack of attachment can make building relationships harder

Parenting style- authoritarian

cold and strict; demands obedience and uses many rules

parenting style- permissive

warm and lenient; gives few rules or limits

Parenting style- Negligent

cold and uninvolved; provides little attention or guidance

Parenting style- authoritative

warm and strict; sets rules but listens and explains decisions

What are the benefits of authoritative parenting?

children tend to have higher self esteem, self reliance, self control, and social skills

Term and concept- accommodation

-changing what you know

-significance: helps you learn things

Term and concept- conservation

-knowing an amount stays the same

-significance- shows logical thinking

Term and concept-reflexes

-automatic actions babies are born with

-significance: helps babies survive

Term and concept-animism

-thinking objects are alive

-significance: shows how young children think

Term and concept-critical period

-an important time for development

-significance: experiences during this time matters

Term and concept- Schemas

-ideas in your mind

-significance-help you understand the world

Term and concept-assimilation

-adding new info to what you know

-significance: helps you learn from experiences

Term and concept-egocentrism

-struggling to see another persons view

-significance-explains how young children think

Term and concept-stranger anxiety

-fear of unfamiliar people

-significance: shows babies recognize familiar people

Term and concept-separation anxiety

-getting upset when away from caregiver

-significance: shows bond with caregiver

Term and concept-attachment

-a bond between a child and caregiver

-signifance: helps children feel safe

term and concept- lmprinting

-when an animal quickly bonds with caregiver

-significance: helps young animals stay close to caregivers

Term and concept-autism(AUD)

-a condition affecting social communication and behavior

-significance:helps explain differences in social interaction

Term and concept-maturatation

-natural growth of the body and brain

-significance: helps abilities develop

Term and concept-Temperament

-how someone naturally reacts

-significance: explains why children behave differently

Term and concept- theory of mind

-knowing others have their own thoughts and feelings

-significance: helps children understand others

Term and concept- cognition

-thinking, learning, and remembering

-significance: helps us understand how children learn

Term and concept-object permanence

-knowing something exists when hidden

-significance: shows how babies are learning that things still exist even when you cant see them anymore