Clinical Phonetics Exam 1

Phonology

How speech sounds are organized into language systems for each individual language; how they are combined, the relations between them, and how they affect each other

Phonetics

Study of the production, transmission, and reception of speech sounds

Articulatory Phonetics

An SLP can assist to a child to correct a misarticulated sound, such as /r/ by observing the movement patterns of the articulators, and then providing feedback to help the child production patterns

Acoustic Phonetics

Instrumentation can be used to extrapolate movement of the articulators through the acoustic representation

Auditory/Perceptual Phonetics

Professionals helping individuals with accent reduction or second language learning will often need to teach the auditory perception of particular sound categories

McGurk Affect

other sensory input affects our perception of speech, specifically visual inputP

Phoneme

Single speech sound that can differentiate between morphemes in a given dialect /u/

Morpheme

Smallest unit of language capable of conveying meaning

boat / ed

Graphemes

Written letters (y)

Minimal Pair

Words that differ by 1 phoneme

bay vs pay

beet vs bit

spot vs slot

Allograph

when different letter sequences or patterns represent the same sound

f noise can also be made with ph

Diagraph

when pairs of graphemes represent one sound

book or beet

Allophones

Variants of a phoneme that are acoustically different, yet do not change the meaning of a word in a language

key vs coo

Broad Transcription

Phonemic transcription

writing down phonemes

/slashes/

Narrow Transcription

Allophonic Variation

greater detail than broad; typically uses diacritics [ brakets]

Syllable

smallest unit of speech production and perception

Parts of syllable

onset

nucleus

coda

Onset

consonant before the vowel

Nucleus

the vowel

Coda

consonants after the vowel

open syllables

end in a vowel phoneme

they don’t have a coda

Stress in syllables

increase in duration, pitch, and loudness

Dialect

Variation of a language

Variables that affect dialect

age

gender

socioeconomic status

geographic region

first language spoken

prestige

Vowels are produced with a relatively unconstricted vocal tract

Lax Vowel

cannot form a real word open syllable

ɪ, ɛ, æ, ʊ, ə, ʌ, ɚ​

Tense Vowel

Can form a real word open syllable

i, e, u, o, ɔ, ɑ, ɝ​

Rounded Vowels

u, ʊ, o, ɔ, ɚ, ɝ

High vowels

Low F1

Low Vowel

High F1

Front vowel

high F2

Back vowels

Have low F2

Spectogram

X- axis: time

Y- axis: frequency

z - axis: intensity / shade

spectogram stripes

vocal fold vibrations

fundamental frequency

Waveform

X axis: time

Y - axis: intensity