1.3 Vocab (social identity and change)

social identity

the portion of an individual’s self concept derived from perceived membership in social groups, such as race, gender, class religion, or nationality

Crompton (2003)

suggest that occupation is a good general measure that can allow us to define simple class groupings, such as working, middle and upper class

working class

The social group of people who earn their living primarily through wage labor, manual or service - oriented jobs, and generally do not own the means of production/large capital assets

Middle class

the social group positioned between the upper and the lower class

Upper class

The social group that occupies the highest tier of the social hierarchy, holding the greatest amount of wealth, power, and influence while typically representing only 1% to 3% of the population

Connell et al.(1987)

argued that we became ‘men and women’ through the social construction of gender identities

hegemonic masculinity

describes the culturally idealized, dominant form of manhood in a given society

Emphasized femineity

a set of culturally idealized feminine traits that are organized around accommodating the desires and interests of men within a patriarchal order

Subordinate masculinity

men who embody traits viewed as the opposite of the ideal such as emotional openness, physical weakness, or non-heterosexual identities- and who are consequently marginalized within gender hierarchies

Subversive Masculinity

alt forms of male identity and behavior that actively challenge, question r undermine hegemonic ,masculinity.

Complicit masculinity

men who do not fully embody the aggressive or dominant traits of hegemonic masculinity yet still revere, benefit from, and passively sustain patriarchal power structures without directly challenging them.

Marginalized Masculinity

Forms of male identity that are pushed to social margins because of overlapping factors like race, ethnicity, social class, or disability, rather than gender alone

Ann Oakley 1972

suggested that female identities were shaped in childhood. Girls and boys are socialized differently, into gender roles that involve gendered identities

Contingent Femininity

a form of feminine identity that is shaped, framed and constrained by male beliefs behaviors and demands

assertive femininity

a gender identity and behavioral style where woman and girls break free from traditional passive/submissive roles

autonomous femininity

a form of feminine identity where women compete and succeed with men on their own terms

ethnicity

a shared cultural identity, heritage and way of life that connects a group of people

Wimmer 2008

argues an important aspect of ethnic identities is how they’re defined in relation to other ethnic groups

age cohort

a group of people who share the same birth year/ a specific range of birth years and move through life together, experiencing similar historical, cultural and social events during their formative years

Philippe aries 1962

argues that childhood in the modern sense did not exist in the middle ages

Hood-Williams 1990

argues that there are 3 types of adult control: 1. space 2. time 3. bodies

Neil Postman 1994

argued that childhood changed again with the growth of television, computers and videos

Globalization

the ongoing process of increasing económica, political and cultural interconnectedness across national borders

Peele 2004

argues that recent global economic changes have resulted in ‘a blurring of traditional class identities’

savage 2007

argues that although people still use class categories as a source of identity the meaning of these categories has changed

Benyon 2002

argues that contemporary global societies are experiencing a crisis of masculine identity caused by a combination of 1. Long term unemployment 2. Loss of trad male employment in manufacturing industries 3. Lower educational achievement relative to girls 4. the rise of female - friendly service industries