The Human Body In Health and Disease CH 3 Quiz

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Three Parts of the Cell

1. Plasma Membrane

2. Cytoplasm

3. Nucleus

Cytoplasm

The gel-like substance of a cell exclusive of the nucleus and other organelles

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Network of tubules and vesicles in cytoplasm; two types: rough and smoothe

Lysosome

Membranous organelles containing various enzymes that can dissolve most cellular compounds; thus called digestive bags or suicide bags of cells

Microvillus

Brushlike border made up of epithelial cells found on each villus in the small intestine and other areas of the body; increases the surfae area (as for absorption of nutrients)

Mitochondrion

Organelle in which ATP generation occurs; aka the power house of the cell

Nucleolus

Intercellular structure critical to protein formation because it “programs” the formation of ribosomes in the nucleus

Nucleus

Spherical structur within a cell; a group of neuron cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord; center core of the atom, made up of protons and (sometimes) neutrons

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Plasma Membrane

Membrane that separates the contents of a cell from the tissue fluid; encloses the cytoplasm and forms the outer boundary the cell

Ribosome

Organelle in the cytoplasm of cells that synthesie proteins; aka protien factory

Hypertrophy (Changes in Growth of Individual Cells)

Increase in size of individual cells

Atrophy (Changes in Growth of Individual Cells)

Decrease of size of individual cells

Hyperplasia (Changes in Cell Reproduction)

Increase in cell reproduction

Anaplasia (Changes in Growth of Individual Cells)

Production of atypical, undifferentiated cells

DNA Replication

DNA molecules are somewhat unusual in that, the unlike most molecules in nature they can make identical copies of themselves.

Mitosis

The process of dividing the replicated genetic material. The DNA of the nucleus is an orderly way so that each resulting offspring cell has a complete identical set.

Cell Life Cycle

The proces of cell reproduction is one part of the cell’s life cycle.

Interphase

1st in the cell life phase: Cell growth. Replication od chromosomes. Cell not actively dividing. Most of the cell’s lifespan is spent in interphase.

Prophase

2nd of the cell life phase: The chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes. Chromatids become attached at the centromere. Spindle fibers appear. The nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear.

Metaphase

3rd in the cell life cycle: Spindle fibers attach to each chromatid. Chromosomes align across the center of the cell.

Anaphase

4th in the cell life cycle: Centromeres break apart. Chromosomes move away from the center of the cell. The cleavage furrow appears

Telophase

5th in the cell life cycle: The nuclear envelope and both nuclear appear. The cytoplasm and organelles divide equally. The process of cell division is completed.

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Molecules assist the process by bringing specific amino acids to the “dock” at each codon along with the mRNA. Codon = a series of thee nucleotide bases - a triplet - that acts as a code representing a sepcific amino acid.

Protein Synthesis

The process of transferring genetic information from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where protein are actually produced, requires completion of two steps (transcription/ translation).

Transcription

The double stranded DNA molecule separates or unwinds, and a special type of RNA called messenger RNA

Translation

The process of “translating” the genetic code in the mRNA transcrip to synthesize a protein.

DNA Content

Genetic information totalling about 3 billion base pairs in perhaps 19,000 or so protein-coding genes.

Gene

Specific segment of base pairs in a chromosome

DNA

Chromosomes, which are composed largely of DNA contain the information needed to make all the proteins of the cells. The information allows a cell to live and function.

Function of genes

Genes copied from DNA are copied to RNA in transcription. The RNA transcripts are used in translation which code that determines the sequence of amino acids is translated to form a protein. The structure of the resulting protein determines the role of the protein in body structure and function- and the ultimately, their structure and function of the body.

Cholera

Bacterial infection that causes cell lining the intestines to leak

Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

An inherited condition that involves a variant of the gene that codes for chloride ion

Pino

Greek word meaning “drink”

Phagocytosis

Greek word meaning “to eat”

Ion Pumps

A complex membrane component called the ion pump makes possible a number of active transport mechanisms.

Active Transport

Uphilll movement of a substance through a living cell membrane

Down a hydrostatic pressure gradient

When two fluids have unequal hydrostatic pressure and are separated by a membrane, water and diffusible solutes or particles.

Filtration

The movement of water and solutes through a membrane as a result of pushing force that is greater on one side of the membrane than the other side.

Dialysis

Some solutes move across a selectively premable membranme by diffusion and other solutes don’t

Passive Transport

Movement from high to low concentration

Diffusion

Movement of particles through a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration - that is, down the concentration gradient.

Osmosis

Passive movement of eater through a selectively premeable membrane in the presence of at least one non penetrating solute.

Filtration

Movement of water and small solute particles, but not larger particles, through a filtration membrane; movement occurs from area of high pressure to area of low pressure.

ATP

Energy required for active transport processes is obtained from ATP

Relationship of Cell Structure and Function

Every human cell performs certain functions. Some maintain the cell’s survival and others help maintain the body’s survival.

Chromosomes

During cell division, DNA molecules become tightly coiled. Then they look like short rodlike structures called chromosomes.

Chromatin granules

In the nucleus made of proteins around which are wound segments of the long, threadlike molecules called DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

Nucleus

Brain of the cell

Flagella

Single projection extending from the cell structure. Similar to Cilia but much longer. One EX is sperm bcause they got tails

Cilia

Extremely fine, hairlike extensions on the exposed or free surfaces of cells. EX: clears respiratory track

Microvilli

Small, fingerlike projections of the plasma membrane of some cells

Centrosome

Nonmembranous, dense region of cytoplasm near the nucleus of each cell. Serves as the microtubule organizing center of the cell.

Centrioles

Paired organelles found within the centrosome