Chapter 4 and 5 study guide

Bobbies

The first organized police force established by Sir Robert Peel in 1829 in London, focused on crime prevention.

Hue and Cry

A community-based alert system requiring citizens to assist in apprehending criminals.

Pendleton Civil Service Act

Established merit-based hiring for government positions, aimed at reducing corruption in police hiring.

Wickersham Commission Report

A 1931 report highlighting police misconduct and advocating for police professionalization.

Watchman Style

A policing style focused on maintaining order.

Legalistic Style

A policing style characterized by strict enforcement of laws.

Service Style

A policing style emphasizing community assistance.

Community Policing

A strategy that builds trust and collaboration between police and communities.

Problem-Oriented Policing

Policing strategy that identifies and addresses the root causes of crime.

Zero-Tolerance Policing

A strategy focusing on strict law enforcement, often criticized for targeting minor offenses.

Broken-Windows Perspective

A theory that addressing small signs of disorder can prevent larger crimes.

Fourth Amendment

Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures.

Terry v. Ohio

Established the legal standard for stop-and-frisk based on reasonable suspicion.

Illinois v Gates

Established the 'totality of circumstances' test for warrants.

Plain View Doctrine

Legal principle allowing officers to seize evidence visible during a lawful presence.

Stop-and-Frisk

A controversial tactic of stopping and searching individuals for weapons or contraband.

Trespass Doctrine

Legal principle regarding searches based on physical intrusion.

Privacy Doctrine

Protects individuals’ expectations of privacy.

Special-Needs Searches

Exceptions for public safety, such as airport security checks.

Show of Authority Stop

A stop where a person submits to police authority.

Actual Seizure Stop

Physical detention of an individual by police.

Reasonable Stop Standard

A requirement for stops based on reasonable suspicion.

Miranda Rights

Legal rights that must be recited to an individual upon arrest, ensuring due process.