nutrition chapter 8

minerals

naturally occurring, inorganic, homogeneous substances; chemical elements.

major minerals

essential mineral nutrients required in the adult diet in amounts greater than 100 milligrams per day

trace/micro minerals

essential mineral nutrients required in the adult diet in amounts less than 100 milligrams per day

solvent

a substance that dissolves another and holds it in solution.

dialysis/hemodialysis

a medical treatment for failing kidneys in which a person’s blood is circulated through a machine that filters out toxins and wastes and returns cleansed blood to the body.

water balance

the balance between water intake and water excretion, which keeps the body’s water content constant

dehydration

loss of water.

• the symptoms progress rapidly, from thirst to weakness to exhaustion and delirium, and end in death

water intoxication

a dangerous dilution of the body’s fluids resulting from excessive ingestion of plain water.

• Symptoms are headache, muscular weakness, mental confusion, seizures, and coma; fatalities can occur

diuretic

a compound, usually a medication, causing increased urinary water excretion; a “water pill.”

metabolic water

water generated in the tissues during the chemical breakdown of the energy-yielding nutrients in foods.

salts

compounds composed of charged particles (ions).

• An example is potassium chloride (K+Cl-), listed as potassium salt on food labels.

ions

electrically charged particles, such as sodium (positively charged) or chloride (negatively charged)

electrolytes

compounds that partly dissociate in water to form ions, such as the potassium ion (K+) and the chloride ion (Cl-)

fluid and electrolyte balance

maintenance of the proper amounts and kinds of fluids and minerals in each compartment of the body

fluid and electrolyte imbalance

failure to maintain the proper amounts and kinds of fluids and minerals in every body compartment; a medical emergency.

acid-base balance

equilibrium between acid and base concentrations to maintain a proper pH in the body fluids.

buffers

molecules that can help to keep the pH of a solution from changing by gathering or releasing H ions

hydroxyapatite

the chief crystal of bone and teeth, formed from calcium and phosphorus

bone density

a measure of bone strength, the degree of mineralization of the bone matrix

osteoporosis

a reduction of the bone mass of older people in which the bones become porous and fragile

• also known as adult bone loss.

osteopenia

a condition of low bone mass that often progresses to osteoporosis.

peak bone mass

the highest bone density attained by an individual; developed during the first three decades of life.

hyponatremia

an abnormally low concentration of sodium in the blood. Refer also to water intoxication

CDRR

Chronic Disease Risk Reduction, a nutrient intake associated with a low risk of chronic disease.

salt substitutes

any product containing potassium chloride (K+Cl-) intended to replace sodium chloride (Na+Cl-) in foods.

• K+Cl- is often blended with acidic compounds to improve flavor.

  • Also called potassium salt on food labels.

goiter

enlargement of the thyroid gland due to an iodine deficiency

• enlargement due to an iodine excess is toxic insert name

congenital iodine deficiency syndrome

intellectual disabilities and physical stunting of an infant caused by the mother’s iodine deficiency during pregnancy.

hemoglobin

the oxygen-carrying protein of the blood; found in the red blood cells

myoglobin

the oxygen-holding protein of the muscles

hepcidin

a hormone secreted by the liver in response to elevated blood iron.

• reduces iron’s absorption from the intestine and its release from storage

heme

the iron-containing portion of the hemoglobin and myoglobin molecules.

nonheme iron

dietary iron not associated with hemoglobin; the iron of plants and other sources.

tannins

compounds in tea (especially black tea) and coffee that bind iron

• also denature proteins.

phytates

compounds present in plant foods (particularly whole grains) that bind iron and may prevent its absorption.

iron overload/hemochromatosis

the state of having more iron in the body than it needs or can handle, usually arising from a hereditary defect

iron deficiency

the condition of having depleted iron stores, which, at the extreme, causes iron-deficiency anemia

iron-deficiency anemia

a form of anemia caused by a lack of iron and characterized by red blood cell shrinkage and color loss.

• symptoms are weakness, apathy, headaches, pallor, intolerance to cold, and inability to pay attention

anemia

condition of inadequate or impaired red blood cells; a reduced number or volume of red blood cells along with too little hemoglobin in the blood. The red blood cells may be immature and therefore too large or too small to function properly

pica

a craving and intentional consumption of nonfood substances.

• geophagia - referring to clay eating

• pagophagia - referring to ice craving

leavened

literally, “lightened“ by yeast cells, which digest some carbohydrate components of the dough and leave behind bubbles of gas that make the bread rise

fluorapatite

a crystal of bones and teeth, formed when fluoride displaces the “hydroxy” portion of hydroxyapatite.

• resists being dissolved back into body fluid

fluorosis

discoloration of the teeth due to ingestion of too much fluoride during tooth development.

• Skeletal is characterized by unusually dense but weak, fracture-prone, often malformed bones, caused by excess fluoride in bone crystals

kefir

a liquid form of yogurt, based on milk, probiotic microorganisms, and flavorings

stone-ground flour

flour made by grinding kernels of grain between heavy wheels made of limestone, a kind of rock derived from the shells and bones of marine animals.

• As the stones scrape together, bits of the limestone mix with the flour, enriching it with calcium

• indispensable

• 60%

• solvent, cleaning, lubricant, cushion, coolant

• hypothalamus and kidneys

The Body’s Need for Water

• ___

• ___ of an adult’s body weight

• Functions in the body

  • Transport vehicle, ___, ___ agent, ___, ___, ___

• water balance via ___ and ___

Mild Dehydration (Loss of < 5% of Body Weight)

• Thirst

• Sudden weight loss

• Dry cool skin

• Dry mouth throat body linings

• Rapid pulse

• low blood pressure

• Lack of energy

• weakness

• Impaired kidney function

• Reduced quantity of urine - concentrated, dark, yellow or amber-colored urine

• Headache

• reduced mental clarity

• Diminished muscular work and athletic performance

• Fever or increased internal temperature

• Fainting and delirium

Severe Dehydration (Loss of > 5% of Body Weight)

• Pale or shriveled skin

• Bluish lips and fingertips

• Confusion

• disorientation

• Rapid shallow breathing

• Weak, rapid, irregular pulse,

• Thickening of blood,

• Scant urine; brown-colored urine,

• Shock; seizures

• Coma; death

Chronic Low Fluid Intake May Increase the Likelihood of

• Cardiac arrest (heart attack) and other, heart problems

• Constipation

• Dental disease

• Gallstones

• Glaucoma (elevated pressure in the eye)

• Hypertension

• Kidney stones

• Pregnancy/childbirth problems

• Stroke

• Urinary tract infections

factors that increase fluid needs

• Alcohol consumption

• Cold weather

• Dietary fiber

• Diseases that disturb water balance - diabetes and kidney diseases

• Forced-air environments - airplanes and sealed buildings

• Heated environments

• High altitude

• Hot weather

• high humidity

• Increased protein, salt, or sugar intakes

• Ketosis

• Medications (diuretics)

• Physical activity

• Pregnancy and breastfeeding

• Prolonged diarrhea

• vomiting or fever Surgery

• blood loss, or burns

• Very young or old age

greater concentration

water flow towards a

electrolytes and water flow

1. w/ equal numbers of dissolved particles on both sides of water pemeable divider, water lvls are equal

2. when additional particles are added to increas side b cocnentration → particles cant flow

3. water can flow both ways but moves towards side with greater concentration but particles concentrations on both sides are equal

• transport

• blood pressure

• blood clotting

• contraction

• enzymes

Calcium Roles in the body

• Regulates ion ___

• Helps maintain normal ___

• Plays an essential role in ___

• Essential for muscle ___

• Activates cellular ___

calcium balance

• intestines, kidneys

• intake

• ___, ___, and bones

• bone density and ___

calcium chief functions

functions include

• mineralization of bones and teeth

• muscle contraction and relaxation

• nerve functions

• blood clotting

calcium deficiency

deficiency leads to

• stunted grwoth

• weak bones in children

• bone loss or osteoporosis in adults

calcium toxicity

toxicity leads to

• elevated blood calcium

• constipation

• mineral absorption interference

• increase risk of kidney stone formation

calcium good sources

good sources include

• sardines

• cheddar cheese

• milk

• turnip greens

• tofu

• waffles

• yogurt

phosphorous chief functions

functions include:

• mineralization of bones and teeth

• part of phospholipids

• important in genetic material

• energy metabolism

• buffering systems

phosphorous deficiency

deficiency leads to musculiar weakness and bone pain

phosphourous toxicity

toxicity leads to

• soft tissue calcification esp in kidneys

phosphorous good sources

good sources include

• cottage cheese

• salmon

• milk

• sirloin steak

• navy beans

• sunflower seads

magnesium chief functions

functions include

• bone mineralization

• enzyme action

• heart function

• immune function

• muscle contraction

• nerve function

• protein synthesis

• tooth maintenance

magnesium deficiency

deficiency leads to

• weakness

• confusion

• if extreme:

  • convulsions

  • uncontrollable muscle contractions

  • hallucinations

  • difficulty swallowing

  • growth failure in children

magnesium toxicity

from nonfood sources only

• diarrhea, pH imbalance, dehydration

magnesium good sources

• spinach

• black beans

• soy milk

• bran cereal

• sunflower seeds

• yogurt

• fluid and electrolyte balance

• acid-base balance

Sodium

• Roles in the body

  • ___ balance

  • Helps maintain ___

  • water weight

<23000 … <15000

sodium recommendations

Dietary Guidelines: ___ (14 yrs and up), ___mg for greater benefits

• sodium .. potassium

• minimally processed

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet

• Foods lower in ___and rich in ___

• Emphasis on ___ foods

potassium chief functions

functions include

• maintain normal fluid electrolyte balance

• facilitate chemical rxns

• support cell integrity

• assist in nerve functioning and muscle contractions

potassium deficiency

deficiency leads to muscle weakness, paralysis and confusion

potassium toxicity

toxicity leads to:

• muscle weakness

• vomiting

• when given supplement to an infant or injected to an adult vein → can stop the heart

potassium good sources

• orange juice

• butternut squash

• lima beans

• wild salmon

• baked potato

• avocado

• fluid balance

• aciditiy … protein

• salt

Chloride Roles in the body

• Helps maintain ___

• Maintains ___of the stomach, necessary for ___digestion

• ___ is primary food source

protein … functional

sulfate is Sulfate important in helping strands of ___assume their ___shapes

trace minerals

iodine, iron, zinc, selenium, fluoride, chromium, and copper

iodine roles in the body

roles include:

• Works with the hormone thyroxine to regulate metabolic rate, temperature, reproduction, growth, and heart function

• goiters

• cretinism

• seafood, salt, produce grown in iodine rich soil

Iodine:

• Deficiency

  • ___

  • ___

• Food sources:

• hemoglobin … myoglobin

• oxygen

• cells, amino acids, hormones, neurotransmitters

• metabolism

Iron

• Most is found in two proteins: ___ and ___

• Roles in the body

  • Carries ___

  • Needed for new ___, ___acids, ___, ___, and ___

  • Part of enzymes in energy ___

Iron stores and absorption

• Hep___

• __iron

• __iron

• Enhancers

  • Vitamin ___and __factor

• Inhibitors

  • __and __

• cidin

• heme

• nonheme

• c …. MFP

• tannins … phytates

iron chief functions

functions include

• carries oxygen as part of hemoglobin in blood or myglobin in muscles

• required for cellular energy metabolism

iron deficiency

deficiency leads to

• anemia: weakness, fatigue, headaches

• impaired mental and physical work performance

• imparied immunity

• pale skin, nailbeds, and mucous membranes

• concave nails

• chills

• pics

iron toxicity

toxicity leads to

• GI distress w/

  • chronic mineral overload

  • -infections

  • fatigue

  • joint pain

  • skin pigmenetation

  • organ damage

iron good sources

• clasms

• beef steak

• navy beans

• black beans

• enriched cereal

• spinach

• swiss chard

• beef liver

• apathy … mental … cold

• irritable … unwilling … play

• intentional

Signs of iron deficiency

• Fatigue, ___, ___impairments, and a tendency to feel ___

• Children become restless, ___, ___to work or ___

• Pica: A craving and ___consumption of nonfood substances

zinc chief functions

functions include

• actviation of many enzymes

• associated w/ hormones

• synthesis of genetic material/proteins

• vitamin A transport

• taste perception

• wound healing

• reproduction

zinz deficiency

deficiency leads to

• growth retardation

• delayed sexual maturation

• impaired immune function

• hair loss

• skin lessions

• appetite loss

zinc toxicity

toxicity leads to

• appetite loss

• impaired immunity

• reduced iron absorption

• low HDL cholesterol - risk for heart disease

zinc good sources

• oysters

• beek steak

• yogurt

• shrimp

• enriched cereal

• pork chop

• free radicals … oxidative stress

• cancer

Selenium

• Limits the formation of ___ and prevents ___

• Lower ___risk

• deminerlization

• fluorosis

• glucose

• hemoglobin … collagen

Fluoride

• Improves resistance of bones and teeth to ___

• ___

Chromium: Regulates blood ___

Copper: Helps form ___and ___

Osteoporosis

• Prevalence and risk

• Two types of bone: ___ and ___

cortical … trabecular

osteoporosis key nutrients

• vitamin D, K, and A

• calcium and protein

osteoporosis modifable risk factors

• Sedentary lifestyle

• Diet inadequate in calcium and vitamin D

• Diet excessive in protein or caffeine

• Cigarette smoking

• Alcohol abuse

• Low body weight

• Certain medications - glucocorticoids and anticonvulsants

• Diet low in fruit and vegetables

osteoporosis nonmodifiable risk factors

• Female sex

• Older age

• Small frame

• Caucasian, Asian, or Hispanic/Latino heritage

• Family history of osteoporosis or fractures

• Personal history of fracture

• Estrogen deficiency

• testosterone deficiency