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Where does glycolysis occur?

Cytoplasm

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

No

What is the input of glycolysis?

Glucose

What are the outputs of glycolysis?

2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP

What happens in energy investment phase?

Uses 2 ATP

What happens in energy harvest phase?

Produces 4 ATP (net 2)

When does fermentation occur?

When oxygen is absent

Why does fermentation occur?

To regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis continues

Where does the bridge reaction occur?

Mitochondrial matrix

Input of bridge reaction?

2 pyruvate

Outputs of bridge reaction?

2 NADH, 2 acetyl CoA

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

Mitochondrial matrix

Inputs of Krebs cycle?

2 acetyl CoA

Outputs of Krebs cycle?

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

Where does ETC occur?

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Inputs of ETC?

NADH, FADH2

Outputs of ETC?

32–34 ATP, water

Role of oxygen in ETC?

Final electron acceptor

What happens without oxygen in ETC?

ETC stops, no ATP made

What does the ETC do?

Creates proton gradient

What enzyme makes ATP?

ATP synthase

Where are protons pumped in ETC?

From matrix to intermembrane space

What is the main goal of cellular respiration?

Make ATP

Which step produces the most ATP?

Electron transport chain

Total ATP from cellular respiration?

About 36–38 ATP

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

Interphase and M phase

What are the stages of interphase?

G1, S, G2

What happens in S phase?

DNA replication

What is mitosis?

Division of nucleus

What is cytokinesis?

Division of cytoplasm

Difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?

Mitosis divides nucleus, cytokinesis divides cytoplasm

What are sister chromatids?

Identical copies of DNA

What are homologous chromosomes?

One from each parent

What happens in prophase?

Chromosomes condense, nucleus breaks down

What happens in metaphase?

Chromosomes line up in middle

What happens in anaphase?

Sister chromatids separate

What happens in telophase?

Two nuclei form

Result of mitosis?

2 identical diploid cells

What does meiosis produce?

4 haploid cells

What happens in prophase I?

Crossing over

What separates in meiosis I?

Homologous chromosomes

What separates in meiosis II?

Sister chromatids

Difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis makes 2 identical cells, meiosis makes 4 different cells

Why is crossing over important?

Increases genetic variation

What is diploid?

2 sets of chromosomes (2n)

What is haploid?

1 set of chromosomes (n)

When do cells become haploid in meiosis?

After meiosis I

Chromosome number after mitosis?

Same as parent (46→46)

Chromosome number after meiosis?

Half of parent (46→23)

What is sexual reproduction?

Two parents, more variation

What is asexual reproduction?

One parent, identical offspring

Difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?

Sexual has variation, asexual does not