lab practical domains

Domain Archaea

A taxonomic category that includes organisms known as Archaebacteria.

Kingdom Archaebacteria

The kingdom within the Domain Archaea that includes ancient prokaryotic organisms.

Domain Bacteria

A domain that contains all prokaryotic bacteria, also referred to as Eubacteria.

Three bacterial shapes

Coccus (spherical), Bacillus (rod-shaped), Spirillum (spiral-shaped).

Cyanobacteria

Photosynthetic bacteria, often referred to as blue-green algae.

Domain Eukarya

A domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms.

Phylum Chlorophyta

A phylum within the Kingdom Protista that includes green algae.

Class Bacillariophyta

A class within the Phylum Gyrista consisting of diatoms.

Phylum Euglenozoa

A phylum that includes flagellated protozoans such as Euglena.

Phylum Amoebozoa

A phylum encompassing amoebas and plasmodial slime molds.

Imperfect Fungi

A group of fungi that do not fit into the traditional categories; example includes Penicillium.

Phylum Basidiomycota

The phylum that includes club fungi and mushrooms.

Lichens

Mutualistic associations between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria.

Phylum Marchantiophyta

The phylum of non-vascular liverworts.

Phylum Bryophyta

The phylum of mosses.

Phylum Pterophyta

A phylum of seedless vascular plants that includes ferns.

Phylum Cycadophyta

The phylum that includes cycads.

Phylum Ginkophyta

The phylum known for Ginkgo biloba.

Phylum Anthophyta

The phylum that includes flowering plants.

Subkingdom Parazoa

A subkingdom that includes simple multicellular organisms like sponges.

Phylum Porifera

The phylum including sponges.

Phylum Cnidaria

A phylum that includes jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones.

Phylum Platyhelminthes

The phylum that includes flatworms.

Phylum Nematoda

The phylum for roundworms.

Phylum Mollusca

The phylum that includes snails, clams, and octopuses.

Phylum Arthropoda

A phylum characterized by jointed limbs and an exoskeleton, including insects and crustaceans.

Phylum Echinodermata

The phylum that includes echinoderms like starfish and sea urchins.

Phylum Chordata

The phylum including vertebrates and some invertebrates like lancelets.

Domain Eubacteria

Another name for Domain Bacteria, emphasizing true bacteria.

Coccus

A bacterial shape that is spherical.

Bacillus

A bacterial shape that is rod-shaped.

Spirillum

A bacterial shape that is spiral.

Photoautotrophs

Organisms that obtain energy from light and carbon from carbon dioxide.

Chemoautotrophs

Organisms that obtain energy through chemical reactions and use carbon dioxide as their carbon source.

Mycorrhizae

Symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots.

Chlorophyll

The green pigment found in photosynthetic organisms that captures light energy.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells that contain a nucleus and organelles enclosed by membranes.

Phylogenetics

The study of evolutionary relationships among biological entities.

Protists

Eukaryotic organisms that are not classified as animals, plants, or fungi.

Gram-positive bacteria

Bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining procedure.

Gram-negative bacteria

Bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain and appear red or pink.

Ecosystem

A community of living organisms and their physical environment interacting as a system.

Symbiosis

A close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species.

Saprophytic Fungi

Fungi that decompose dead organic matter.

Biofilm

A thin, slimy film of bacteria that adheres to a surface.

Plasmid

A small, circular piece of DNA found in bacteria that can replicate independently.

Pathogen

An organism that causes disease.

Antibiotic

A type of medication used to treat bacterial infections.

Lactobacillus

A genus of bacteria that is used in fermentation and found in yogurt.

Archaebacteria

Microorganisms in the Domain Archaea that thrive in extreme environments.

Eukaryotic Evolution

The evolutionary process that led to the development of eukaryotic cells.

Endosymbiotic Theory

The theory that eukaryotic cells originated through a symbiotic relationship between prokaryotic cells.

Chloroplasts

Organelles in green plants and algae that perform photosynthesis.

Mitochondria

Organelles known as the powerhouses of the cell, producing energy through respiration.

Domain Archaeplastida

A domain that includes red algae, green algae, and land plants.

Phylum Rhodophyta

A phylum that includes red algae.

Phylum Chlorophyta

The phylum of green algae.

Phylum Charophyta

A phylum of green algae closely related to land plants.

Evolution of Land Plants

The transition of green algae to land plants, characterized by adaptations to terrestrial environments.

Cell Wall Composition in Fungi

Fungi have cell walls made of chitin, which differentiates them from plants.

Mycelium

The network of fungal filaments (hyphae) that forms the main body of the fungus.

Spores in Fungi

Reproductive structures in fungi that can disperse and grow into new individuals.

Pollination

The process by which pollen is transferred to enable fertilization in flowering plants.

Angiosperms

A group of plants that produce flowers and seeds enclosed within a fruit.

Gymnosperms

Plants that produce seeds that are not enclosed in an ovary, such as conifers.

Lichen Structure

Composed of a fungal partner and a photosynthetic partner (algae or cyanobacteria) in a mutualistic relationship.

Nitrogen Fixation

The process of converting atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for plants, often facilitated by certain bacteria.

Endophytes

Fungi or bacteria that live inside plant tissues without causing harm, often providing benefits to the host.

Fungal Mycorrhizae

Symbiotic relationships between fungi and plant roots that improve nutrient absorption.