Approaches ao1

Classical conditioning GS

When a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus is starts to gain the properties of this stimulus and is able to produce a conditioned response

What’s the process of classical conditions

UCS → UCR

NS+UCS→CR + (NS=CS)

Operant conditioning GS

Learning through reinforcement and punishment

What is positive reinforcement/punishment and negative reinforcement/punishment

Bobo doll experiment (Bandura)

3 conditions:

• adult abuse doll → praised

• Adult abuse doll → told off

• Adult treats doll nicely

Result = children observed abuse → repeated it themselves (modelling)

Imitation

Copying observed behaviour from role model

Identification

The more someone identifies with role model, the more likely they will imitate behaviour

Vicarious reinforcement

Observing another being reinforced for a behaviour (mum with lipstick compliment)

What is mediational processes

Mediational process: internal mental processes occurring between stimulus and response, explaining why we dont automatically imitate behaviour

Attention (extent beh was noticed)

Retention (how well beh was remembered)

Reproduction (how able to replicate beh)

Motivation (the will to do it too)

Cognitive GS

Explains heavier as the result of mental processes such as memory, decision making, thinking

Role of schemas

Mental representations of knowledge, created through life of places, beliefs, events based on prior experience.

Cognitive framework that helps organise and interpret information

Role of inference

the process of drawing logical conclusions about internal mental processes based on observable behavior

What are theoretical models

Simplified representations based on research e.g. MSM

Biological approach GS

Beh result of biological processes including genes, hormones, brain structure and neurotransmitters

Influence of genes on behaviour

Genes carry instructions for particular characteristics so behaviours will be more likely

Difference between phenotype and genotype

Genotype = inherited genetic ‘makeup’

Phenotype = observable characteristics

How does hormones affect behaviour

Adrenaline → fight/flight

Oxytocin → trust, tend + befriend

How does brain structure affect behaviour

Amygdala linked to aggressive behaviour → response to threat

How does neurotransmitters affect behaviour

Mood → low serotonin + high dopamine = depression

What’s evolution

Over generations genotypes can change → natural adaption to genes

Psychodynamic GS

Beh driven by unconscious drives and desires

Structure of the personality

ID - unconscious, operates according to pleasure principle, demands immediate gratification e.g. hunger - from birth

Ego - mediates between impulsive demands and reality of real word - 1-2yo

Superego - divided into conscious and ego-ideal:

Conscious = internalisation of societal rules

Ego-ideal = what someone strives toward

3-5yo

Role of defence mechanism

unconscious strategies used by the ego to reduce anxiety caused by internal conflicts between the id and the superego

Outline 3 defence mechanism

Denial - refusal to accept reality, avoids having to deal with feelings associated with event

Repression - unconscious blocking of unconscious thought and impulses

Displacement - redirecting thoughts and feelings when ur unable to express feelings in the presence of the one u should be. May be taken out on innocent victim as route for expression

Psychosexual stages

Oral - mouth as focal point of sensation, expressing early sexual energy

Anal - kids aware of demands of reality / conformity, potty training and release

Phallic - sexual energy focused in genitals

Latent - other stages repressed and forgotten

Genital - directs us towards sexual intercourse and start of adult life

What’s psychoanalysis

Bringing unconscious issues into the conscious to be worked on and resolved

Humanistic approach GS

Beh result of free will and personal responsibility

Maslow hierarchy of needs

Self actualisation e.g. creativity

Esteem needs e.g. confidence

Love/belonging e.g. friendship

Safety needs e.g. security

Psychological needs e.g.

What is self actualisation

Moments enjoyed as peak experiences, inspiration and fulfilment when all doubts and fears are left behind

What is congruence

How close perceived and ideal self are

Conditions of worth

If ur only loved when ur a certain way, you develop this as u will only feels worthy if you are this thing