DR KHAN EXAM 1 CARDS (LEC 1-6, EXCEPT LEC 1,2)

Most bacteria are ___ harmful

NOT

How is it easier for bacteria to spread by personal contact?

• They multiply outside of a living cell, making it easier for them to spread by personal contact

Does a bacteria or virus cause TB?

bacteria

Taking _____ can easily destroy bacteria

Antibiotics

TB is one of the ___ diseases known to humanity

Oldest

TB is one of the ___ diseases known to humanity

Oldest

TB killed approx —- million people in 2023, —- of whom were children

TB killed approx 1.25 million people in 2023, 191,000 of whom were children

TB kills more adults each year than — or —

AIDs or Malaria

TB is a ____ disease caused by infection with ___ ____, often called ——— ———-, which mainly attacks the lungs

• TB is a communicable disease caused by infection with tuberculosis bacteria, often called the tubercle bacillus, which mainly attacks the lungs

The bacteria (tubercule bacillus) infects the lungs and can also affect the, affect the —, —, ——, and every other —— —— — —-.

and can also affect the spine, hips, lymph nodes, and every other part of the body

TB is spread from one _____ or ____ that has the disease to another ____ ____ or ____.

TB is spread from one person or animal that has the disease to another healthy person or animal

(TB) When infected persons ——, ——, ——, —-, or —-, the —— ——— inside their —— are sent out into the air, where they can remain for hours

When infected persons cough, sneeze, talk, sing, or spit, the tubercle bacillus inside their lungs are sent out into the air, where they can remain for hours

What is Latent TB? Does it cause symptoms? Is it contagious?

You have a TB infection, but the bacteria remain in your body in an inactive state

It causes no symptoms

Is not contagious

What is Latent TB also called?

Latent TB is also called inactive TB or TB infection

For Active TB:

-Can it make you sick?

-can it spread to others?

-when does it occur?

This condition makes you sick

It can spread to others

It can occur in the first few weeks after infection with the TB bacteria, or it might occur years later

Most people infected with TB germs…

Most people infected with TB germs never develop active TB.

TB is seen with ——- frequency among persons with ——, the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

TB is seen with increasing frequency among persons with HIV, the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

— ——— is one of the strongest known risks and factors for the progression of TB from infection to disease

. HIV infection is one of the strongest known risks and factors for the progression of TB from infection to disease

of the diseases assocaited with HIV infection, —- is one of the few that is transmissibible, treatable and preventable

TB

Also, —— —— closeness is important in determining the frequency of TB

Physical-social

— TB cases reported from all states in the US (2024)

10, 347 TB cases reported from all states in the US

What state in the US reported the highest number of TB cases (2024) and how much?

The highest number of cases was in California (2,100 cases)

What state in 2024 reported the highest rate of TB infection and how much? (Also how much increase from 2023?)

Alaska reported the highest rate of infection (12.7%), a 8% increase from 2023

About — million persons in the US are infected with myobacterium tuberculosis (latent/inactive)

13 million persons

— million people fell ill with TB worldwide

10.8 million people

There has been approximately a __% increase of TB cases in Black vs __% decrease in whites

3% increase, 14% decrease

Globally in 2023, __% of persons with TB are also HIV sero-positive; in the US _% are coinfected

Globally in 2023, 6.1% of persons with TB are also HIV sero-positive; in the US 5% are coinfected

In about __% of infected persons (TB), the disease develops in the -st or -nd year after infection, and in a other _% it develops later in life

In about 5% of infected persons (TB), the disease develops in the 1st or 2nd year after infection, and in a other 5 % it develops later in life

Yearly Cases Stats for TB: Asians

1.6 cases per 100,000 persons

Yearly Cases Stats for TB: Native Haiwaans & other pacific islanders

10.6 cases per 100,000 persons

Yearly Cases Stats for TB: Blacks

2.1 cases per 100,000 persons

Yearly Cases Stats for TB: Hispanic/Latino

1.6 cases per 100,000 persons

Yearly Cases Stats for TB: American Indians or Alaskan Natives

4.7 cases per 100,000 persons

Yearly Cases Stats for TB: Whites

0.3 cases per 100,000 persons

Tuberculosis associations:

• TB is associated with —

• it is progressively becoming a disease of the —

•Men vs women:

TB is associated with poverty.

It is becoming a disease of the elderly.

More likely to occur in men than in women

There has been growing speculation by medical and social scientists of a possible association between — and —.

Tubercle bacilli & AIDs

If there is a relation between tuberculosis and aids, then — — will be the worse sufferers

Undeveloped communities

Minorities suffer from __ at disproportionate rates than their white counterparts

AIDs

What is the Resevoir?

A step in the TB disease process that should be blocked to prevent transmission

New cases of TB can be prevented by eliminating the:

Reservoir of infection

What does the reservoir of infection (TB) consist of?

It consists of individuals infected with the bacteria, including patients with spectra-positive pulmonary TB who can infect other people

It is estimated that -% of the people in developing countries are infected with tubercle bacilli.

50

The reservoir of infection in TB is:

MAN.

Most individuals born in the USA remain TB negative. However high tuberculin positive rates occur in certain segments of the population:

1. -

2. -

3. -

1. Elderly

2. AAs

3. Individuals with low socioeconomic status

Most individuals born in the USA remain TB negative. However high tuberculin positive rates occur in certain segments of the population. WHY?

They do not go to doctors

Tubercle bacilli can be destroyed by:

UV light, sunlight, and HEAT

According to the CDC in the 2022 TB reports, the percentage of TB cases that are drug resistant has remained —— for the last 20 years in the U.S

___% of new cases are drug resistant

According to the CDC in the 2022 TB reports, the percentage of TB cases that are drug resistant has remained stable for the last 20 years in the U.S

3.6% of new cases are drug resistant

What are the 3 early signs of TB?

Loss of appetite

Fatigue

Loss of weight

What are the 3 advanced signs of TB?

fever

Cough

Night sweats

TB mimics

Many other disease symptoms

With TB coughing may last for weeks and produce — —

Bloody sputum

If Tb is left untreated, patients will die within — years and most others will — — —

5 years, become very ill

One person with active TB (undiagnosed) will infect — to — other people in the span of — —

10-15 people in one year

What should you do if you think you have TB? If you get a test, how does it work?

Go the doctor and get a PPD test. After 3 days doctor checks for raised indentation >15mm

If so, chest X-RAY done to check for TB.

TB affects — million people each year and kills —

9 million, kills 1.2 million

HIV positive people infected with TB have more than a — times greater risk of becoming sick with TB in a year's time than a person infected with just TB

30 times

What is the 6 month regiment treatment for TB?

Take:

-Isoniazid

-etambutol

-p aminosalicyalic acid

TOGETHER CONSISTENTLY

Directly observed treatment short course program (TB) involves:

-government surveillance

-patient surveillance

-treatment w/ drugs isonzaid & rifacampin

In the US, TB affects more..

TB affects more physicians, nurses and lab workers

Lab techs because they handle the sputum for the test

What is the multi drug resistant TB capital of the world with a drug resistance about 10 times the rest of the world?

The Soviet Union

What are the 3 true statements about TB?

•The risk of developing TB is greatest within the first year following infection

•Routine screening of the general US population is no longer required

•Most cases of TB can be successfully treated with drugs

GUARANTEED ON EXAM (1)

GUARANTEED ON EXAM (2)

GUARANTEED ON EXAM (3)

GUARANTEED 4

GUARANTEED 5 (CONTINUED ON BACK)

What is shigella?

An acute bacterial disease involving the large and small intestine, characterized by diarrhea accompanied by fever, nausea, vomiting, and cramping

What is the mode of transmission for shigella?

Direct or indirect fecal-oral transmission from a patient or carrier

Every __ seconds, someone in the US has a stroke

40 seconds

What is blood pressure and what is it determined by

• blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels, determined by:

  • the amount of blood your heart pumps a

  • the amount of resistance to blood flow in your arteries 

Hypertensio is defined as —-

 having a blood pressure higher than 140 over 90 mmHg

The rate of high blood pressure among Black adults in the US is

among the highest in the world

Compared with whites, blacks were ____ more likely to have a stroke

50-80%

also female AA’s at greater risk

___% of all deaths are due to hypertension worldwide

12.8%

Persistenly elevated blood pressure in African American are potent risk factors for what four diseases?

• Coronary heart disease

• Cerebrovascular disease

• Renal failure

• Congestive heart failure

What are the 4 causes of hypertension?

• Obesity

• Stress

• Smoking

• High salt intake

Hypetension produces _______ until dangerous complications occur

no symptoms

What is the #1 Killer of women?

HEART ATTACK

What is the primary cause of heart attacks

Fatty plaques that build up in heart vessel walls and then burst, blocking blood flow,

What is unique about heart attacks in women?

• Women tend to experience heart attacks 10- 20 years later than men, but a woman’s first heart attack is more likely to be fatal

• Many women don’t experience the classic symptoms that men feel-pain in the chest and arms and shortness of breath.

• heart attacks in women may have more to do with spasms in the heart vessels than with blocked arteries

What are the 3 results of hypertension

• Forces the heart to work harder and so cause a heart attack

• Can cause kidney failure by reducing the flow of blood to the kidneys

• a major cause of arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)

Nearly half of American adults (——) have high blood pressure

120 million

African Americans are ___% more likely to die from heart disease than white americans

30%

__ ___ ___. especially among women over 35 and those who smoke, has been linked to an increased incidence of heart disease

Oral contraceptive use

_______ or _____ to medical treatment is a significant issue in health care delivery since research indicates only __-__% of patients _______, and many __ __ __ __ __

• Adherence or compliance to medical treatment is a significant issue in health care delivery since research indicated only 30-35% of patients totally follow their physicians’ recommendations, and 30-35% do not comply at all

Adherence or compliance to medical treatment decreases if __+ medications are taken and if the medications are prescribed —+ times per day

3+, 4+

What types of patients tend to adhere less to medical treatment/doctor advice?

Patients:

• who have chronic illnesses

• who have mental disorders

• who have arthritis,

• who are young

• who are elderly

• who are disadvantaged

• who are described as a hostile risk-taker and/or hypochondriac

What are 3 ways for prevention and better control for heart disease?

1. Obesity control and reduced salt intake

2. A lifetime of antihypertensive treatment in established cases

3. More extensive screening for elevated blood pressure in employees

Stroke is the __ leading cause of death in women in the US

3RD

__% of stroke fatalities are women

60%

What type of women are at greater risk of dying from a stroke than Causcasians regardless of age?

Black women

____ ____ ____ is the largest major killer of people in the US, representing approximately __ in every _ deaths annually

• Coronary heart disease is the largest major killer of people in the US, representing approximately one in every five deaths annually. 

What is a stroke

• Brain damage resulting from the interruption of its blood supply.

Every year, more than ___ people in the US have a stroke, and it kills about __ Americans

• Every year, more than 795,000 people in the US have a stroke, and it kills about 140,000 Americans.

Every __ minutes in the US, someone dies from a stroke

4

he country’s highest death rates due to stroke are in the _____ _____ _____

southeastern United States

___% of U.S adults had any mental illness in the past year

23.4%

According to the WHO, mental health is defined as:

“a state of mental well-being that enables people to cope with the stresses of life, realize their abilities, learn and work well, and contribute to their community”

THE WHO describes mental health conditions as including (2 points)

1. Mental disorders and psychosocial disabilities

2. Mental states associated with significant distress, impairment in functioning, or risk of self-harm

• African Americans are __ more likely to die by suicide than non-Hispanic whites, despite lower rates of suicidal ideation

2X