FCS 312 Midterm Block 2 (Study Guide)

CH 5-6

CH 5 - Core ideas.

What are the major legacy and contemporary source families?

A. Legacy families are incandescent, fluorescent, and LED; contemporary families are halogen and high-intensity discharge.

B. Legacy families include incandescent, halogen, fluorescent, and HID; LED or solid-state lighting is the main contemporary family.

C. Legacy families include incandescent and halogen only; fluorescent, HID, and LED are all contemporary solid-state sources.

D. Legacy families are replaceable lamps; contemporary families are any integrated luminaires, regardless of source technology.

Correct answer: B. Legacy families include incandescent, halogen, fluorescent, and HID; LED or solid-state lighting is the main contemporary family.

CH 5 - Core ideas.

Why should designers understand legacy sources if LED is now dominant?

A. Legacy sources are still required by code in older buildings, so LED retrofits cannot replace them without rewiring every circuit.

B. Legacy sources establish current efficacy and color-rendering standards, which LED products are required to match exactly.

C. They remain in buildings and affect lamp shapes, sockets, optics, retrofit choices, maintenance, and qualities that LEDs often imitate.

D. They are needed mainly to calculate daylight factor and solar heat gain in existing interiors.

Correct answer: C. They remain in buildings and affect lamp shapes, sockets, optics, retrofit choices, maintenance, and qualities that LEDs often imitate.

Explanation: Legacy sources still exist in buildings and influence lamp shapes, sockets, optical systems, retrofit decisions, maintenance, and the visual qualities that LED products often imitate.

CH 5 - Core ideas.

Why is an LED lighting product considered a system?

A. Its performance depends on the light engine, color production, optics, thermal path, driver, housing, wiring, controls, and installation.

B. It contains many diodes, and the number of diodes alone determines output, color, distribution, and service life.

C. It becomes a system only when several LED lamps share one external dimmer or control network.

D. Its source and luminaire are permanently integrated, so optics, drivers, and thermal conditions no longer need separate evaluation.

Correct answer: A. Its performance depends on the light engine, color production, optics, thermal path, driver, housing, wiring, controls, and installation.

Explanation: LED performance depends on the light engine, phosphors or color mixing, optics, thermal path, driver, housing, wiring, controls, and installation conditions.

CH 5 - Core ideas.

Which characteristics should be used to compare source families?

A. Compare initial wattage, purchase price, lamp shape, socket type, and fixture appearance only.

B. Compare CCT, CRI, and initial lumens; life and dimming depend on the luminaire rather than the source family.

C. Compare efficacy, output, and rated life only because heat, flicker, and maintenance are installation issues.

D. Compare efficacy, output, life and maintenance, color, heat, dimming, flicker, starting behavior, disposal, and compatibility.

Correct answer: D. Compare efficacy, output, life and maintenance, color, heat, dimming, flicker, starting behavior, disposal, and compatibility.

CH 5 - Vocabulary.

What is a lamp or light source?

A light source generates light.

A lamp is typically a replaceable source made to fit a socket.

CH 5 - Vocabulary.

What is an LED package?

One or more semiconductor emitters with related materials.

It is only one component of a complete LED system.

CH 5 - Vocabulary.

What is the difference between a driver and a ballast?

A driver converts and regulates power for LEDs.

A ballast starts and regulates fluorescent or HID lamps.

CH 5 - Vocabulary.

What is thermal management?

Removing heat through the heat sink, housing, ventilation, and installation conditions so the LED system operates properly.

CH 5 Vocabulary.

What is efficacy?

The amount of light produced per watt, measured in lumens per watt.

Higher values mean greater efficiency.

CH 5 - Vocabulary.

What is lumen maintenance?

How well a source retains its original light output as it ages.

CH 5 - Apply it.

Apply source-selection criteria to replacing fluorescent classroom lighting with LED.

A. Verify the housing, ballast and socket, output and distribution, color, glare, dimming, flicker, controls, emergency operation, heat, code, and access.

B. Match the fluorescent lamp's wattage and CCT; if those match, the existing optics, ballast, and controls can remain unchanged.

C. Replace the lamps with the highest-efficacy LED available, then adjust classroom illuminance using the existing dimmer.

D. Verify CRI, CCT, and lumens only; enclosure rating, thermal conditions, and emergency operation apply to exterior retrofits.

A. Verify the housing, ballast and socket, output and distribution, color, glare, dimming, flicker, controls, emergency operation, heat, code, and access.

CH 5 - Check your understanding.

Why is an LED luminaire more than just a diode?

A. The diode includes its own complete optical, thermal, electrical, and control system, but it still requires a decorative housing.

B. A diode produces light but needs only a socket and reflector; power regulation and heat removal are optional at low wattage.

C. The diode determines every performance characteristic, while the rest of the luminaire affects appearance and mounting only.

D. The diode needs optics for distribution, a thermal path for heat, a driver for power, a protective housing, and controls for operation.

Correct answer: D. The diode needs optics for distribution, a thermal path for heat, a driver for power, a protective housing, and controls for operation.

Explanation: The diode cannot operate successfully alone. Optics distribute its light, the thermal path removes heat, the driver powers it, the housing protects it, and controls determine how it operates.

CH 5 - Check your understanding.

Which source characteristics affect retrofit decisions?

A. Rated wattage, fixture finish, lamp price, manufacturer, room area, and ceiling reflectance.

B. Base and socket, voltage and size, output and beam, CCT and CRI, dimming, electrical compatibility, heat, ratings, certification, and access.

C. Initial lumens, efficacy, and rated life only; existing luminaires determine all optical and electrical compatibility.

D. Room illuminance, daylight factor, surface reflectance, occupant age, and the desired decorative style.

Correct answer: B. Base and socket, voltage and size, output and beam, CCT and CRI, dimming, electrical compatibility, heat, ratings, certification, and access.

CH 6 - Core ideas.

What is the role of a luminaire?

To support, power, protect, shield, and optically control the source while connecting the system to the architecture.

CH 6 - Core ideas.

What attributes should be evaluated when selecting a luminaire?

A. Distribution, optics, shielding, aperture, mounting, scale, finish, ratings, adjustability, glare, access, and architectural compatibility.

B. Source wattage, lumen output, CCT, CRI, efficacy, and rated life; luminaire attributes are mainly aesthetic.

C. Mounting, finish, scale, and price only after the source has met all technical lighting requirements.

D. Aperture size, ceiling height, room dimensions, daylight factor, and the number of luminaires required.

Correct answer: A. Distribution, optics, shielding, aperture, mounting, scale, finish, ratings, adjustability, glare, access, and architectural compatibility.

CH 6 - Core ideas.

What are common luminaire types?

A. Incandescent, halogen, fluorescent, HID, LED packages, and LED lamps.

B. Direct, indirect, diffuse, asymmetric, narrow-beam, and wide-beam systems.

C. Recessed, surface, pendant, wall, and track mounting; these are the primary luminaire types.

D. Downlights, adjustable accents, wallwashers, linear systems, pendants, sconces, troffers, coves, undercabinet, and decorative luminaires.

Correct answer: D. Downlights, adjustable accents, wallwashers, linear systems, pendants, sconces, troffers, coves, undercabinet, and decorative luminaires.

CH 6 - Core ideas.

How can the same source behave differently in different luminaires?

A. The source fixes the beam and distribution, so different luminaires change only glare, mounting, and appearance.

B. Lenses, reflectors, apertures, shielding, housings, mounting, and nearby surfaces can make it narrow, wide, diffuse, asymmetric, direct, or indirect.

C. Different luminaires change the source's CCT, CRI, efficacy, and lumen maintenance even when the source and driver stay the same.

D. Mounting position alone determines whether the same source appears direct, indirect, narrow, or diffuse.

Correct answer: B. Lenses, reflectors, apertures, shielding, housings, mounting, and nearby surfaces can make it narrow, wide, diffuse, asymmetric, direct, or indirect.

CH 6 - Vocabulary.

What is distribution?

Where and in what proportions a luminaire sends light.

CH 6 - Vocabulary.

What is shielding?

Blocking direct views of the bright source to reduce glare.

CH 6 - Vocabulary.

What are optics?

A. The electrical components that regulate source power and connect the luminaire to controls.

B. The aperture, trim, and shielding elements that conceal a source from direct view.

C. The mounting hardware that adjusts a luminaire's location and aiming direction.

D. Lenses, reflectors, diffusers, louvers, and related components that shape, spread, concentrate, or redirect light.

Correct answer: D. Lenses, reflectors, diffusers, louvers, and related components that shape, spread, concentrate, or redirect light.

CH 6 - Vocabulry.

What is an aperture?

The opening through which light exits the luminaire.

CH 6 - Vocabulary.

What is mounting?

How and where a luminaire is attached, such as recessed, surface, pendant, wall, or track mounted.

CH 6 - Vocabulary.

What is maintenance access?

How components can be reached for cleaning, repair, adjustment, or replacement.

[Chapter 6: Luminaires / Apply It] Apply luminaire selection to a gallery display. A. Use fixed wide-beam downlights for uniform display lighting and add decorative pendants where individual works need emphasis. | B. Use wallwashers for every artwork because uniform vertical lighting always provides stronger hierarchy than separate accent beams. | C. Use unshielded track heads with narrow beams and high output so the artwork is brighter than the source in the viewer's field of view. | D. Use shielded, adjustable track or recessed accents with controlled beams and high color quality; use wallwashers for uniform walls rather than separate highlights.

Correct answer: D. Use shielded, adjustable track or recessed accents with controlled beams and high color quality; use wallwashers for uniform walls rather than separate highlights. Explanation: Use adjustable track or recessed accent luminaires with controlled beams, strong shielding, high color quality, and flexible aiming. Use wallwashers when the goal is uniform wall illumination rather than separate highlights.

CH 6 - Check your understanding.

What makes a luminaire appropriate for a ceiling, wall, cove, or display? A. It needs the same source family and finish as nearby luminaires so the lighting system appears visually consistent.

B. It must suit the mounting condition, dimensions, distribution, sightlines, ratings, maintenance access, and intended visual goal.

C. It must provide the highest possible efficacy and output that the available ceiling, wall, cove, or display space can contain.

D. It must conceal the source completely and distribute light uniformly regardless of the surface or display being illuminated.

Correct answer: B. It must suit the mounting condition, dimensions, distribution, sightlines, ratings, maintenance access, and intended visual goal.

CH 6 - Check your understanding.

How does the luminaire change the perceived source?

A. It changes the source's electrical power, efficacy, CCT, and CRI so the source matches the room's visual requirements.

B. It changes only whether the source is visible; distribution and glare remain inherent characteristics of the source.

C. It can conceal or reveal the source, reduce apparent brightness, redirect light, spread or concentrate the beam, alter glare, and integrate with architecture.

D. It converts the source's lumen output into illuminance without changing beam shape, brightness, or the viewer's perception of the source.

Correct answer: C. It can conceal or reveal the source, reduce apparent brightness, redirect light, spread or concentrate the beam, alter glare, and integrate with architecture.