Anatomy & Physiology: Integument, Bone Tissue, and the Endoskeleton

Vocabulary flashcards covering chapters on the integumentary system, bone tissue, and the endoskeleton, including key epidermal layers, bone cells, matrix structures, and surface bone markings.

Epidermis

The outer primary layer of the skin composed of stratified squamous epithelium.

Stratum basale

The deepest layer of the epidermis.

Stratum spinosum

The layer of the epidermis located directly above the stratum basale and below the stratum granulosum.

Stratum granulosum

The layer of the epidermis located between the stratum spinosum and the stratum lucidum.

Stratum lucidum

The layer of the epidermis located between the stratum granulosum and the stratum corneum.

Stratum corneum

The outermost layer of the epidermis.

Papillary layer

The superficial layer of the dermis containing dermal papillae and Meissner's corpuscles.

Reticular layer

The deeper layer of the dermis containing sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands, hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, and Pacinian corpuscles.

Hypodermis

The layer beneath the dermis consisting of adipocytes and areolar tissue interspersed with Pacinian corpuscles.

Osteocytes

Bone cells that are entombed in the matrix.

Osteoblasts

Bone cells that produce collagen and hydroxyapatite.

Osteoclasts

Bone cells that degrade bone when blood calcium levels are low.

Compact bone

The outer 1-4 mm of bone, also known as cortical bone.

Spongy bone

The inner portion of bone, also known as cancellous or trabecular bone.

Red marrow

Bone marrow found in flat bones that is responsible for blood cell production.

Yellow marrow

Bone marrow found in long bones that is responsible for lipid storage.

Osteon

The primary structural unit of compact bone.

Lamellae

Concentric layers or rings of matrix within an osteon.

Canaliculi

Microscopic canals connecting osteocytes within the bone matrix.

Periosteum

The membrane that covers the outer surface of bone tissue.

Axial skeleton

The division of the skeletal system consisting of 80 bones, including the skull, hyoid bone, auditory ossicles, vertebrae, sternum, and ribs.

Appendicular skeleton

The division of the skeletal system consisting of 126 bones, including the upper and lower limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle.

Condyle

A rounded process often covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage at the epiphysis that articulates with another bone.

Epicondyle

A projection situated above a condyle (ex. medial epicondyle of humerus).

Crest

A narrow, ridgelike projection (ex. iliac crest of ilium).

Diaphysis

The middle, or shaft, of a long bone.

Epiphysis

The end of a long bone that is originally separated from the main bone by a layer of cartilage but later becomes united to the main bone.

Facet

A small, nearly flat surface (ex. rib facet of thoracic vertebra).

Fontanel

A soft spot in the skull where membranes cover the space between bones (ex. anterior fontanel between frontal and parietal bones).

Foramen

An opening through a bone that usually is a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments.

Fossa

A relatively deep pit or depression (ex. olecranon fossa of humerus).

Head

An enlargement on the end of a bone (ex. head of humerus).

Process

A prominent projection on a bone for tendon/muscle attachment (ex. mastoid process of temporal bone).

Sinus

A cavity within a bone (ex. maxillary sinus of the maxilla).

Spine

A thornlike projection (ex. spine of scapula).

Suture

An interlocking line of union between bones (ex. sagittal suture between parietal bones).

Trochanter

A relatively large process for tendon/muscle attachment found only on the femur.

Tubercle

A small, knoblike process for tendon/muscle attachment (ex. greater tubercle of humerus).

Tuberosity

A knoblike process usually larger than a tubercle for tendon/muscle attachment (ex. radial tuberosity of radius).