lab 5 - exercise 32: veins and special circulations

where does the drainage of the brain occur?*

as veins take blood from the brain and pass through the subarachnoid membrane to the venous sinuses in the subdural spaces

where does the blood from the brain flow into?

the internal jugular veins

where do the vertebral veins take blood from and where does it travel through?

vertebral veins take blood from the bones and muscles of the neck and, like the vertebral arteries, travel through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae

where do the vertebral veins take blood to?

subclavian veins, which in turn flow to the brachiocephalic veins

where do the internal jugular veins pass through?

each vein passes through a jugular foreman of the skull and then passes along the lateral aspect of the neck as it moves toward the brachiocephalic vein

what is the brachiocephalic vein formed by?

the union of the internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein

what drains the superficial regions of the posterior head (musculature and skin of the scalp and face)?

external jugular vein

where do the left and right brachiocephalic veins take blood to?

the superior vena cava

what drains blood from the fingers and what does it lead to?

digital veins, which lead to the palmar arch veins

what are the major superficial veins of each upper limb? hint: there’s two!

basilic veins, which are on the anterior, medial side of the forearms and arms, and the cephalic veins, which are on the anterior, lateral sides of the forearms and arms

what’s cool about these veins, as in the basilic and cephalic?

there is many anastomosing branches between them

what is the most significant anastomosing vein between them?

median cubital vein; which crosses the anterior cubital fossa and is a common site for the withdrawal of blood

what are the deep veins of the forearm?

radial veins and ulnar veins, each of which can be found traveling near the artery of the same name

what are the deep veins of the arm?

brachial veins, which are next to the brachial artery

what are the brachial veins formed by?

the union of the radial and ulnar veins, which merge superiority with the basilic vein to form the short axillary veins

what does the axillary vein connect to?

the cephalic vein to form the subclavian vein

how is the drainage from the arms carried to the heart?

by the left and right subclavian veins, which take the blood via the brachiocephalic veins to the superior vena cava and finally to the right atrium of the heart

where do digital veins take blood to and then what?

plantar venous arch and dorsal venous arch

where does the dorsal venous arch take blood to? there’s three!

anterior tibial vein, great saphenous veins, and the small saphenous vein

where does the plantar venous arch take blood?

small sephenous vein and the posterior tibial vein

where do the posterior and anterior tibial veins unite?

posterior to the knee and form the popliteal vein, which joins with the small saphenous vein to form the femoral vein

what’s the longest vessel in the human body?*

great saphenous vein, just underneath the skin on the medial aspect of the lower limb beginning near the medial malleolus and transversing the lower limb to the proximal thigh

what takes blood from the thigh?

femoral vein (travels alongside the femoral artery) and the deep femoral vein

what is the femoral vein called once it crosses under the ligament?

becomes the external iliac vein

where does the external iliac vein join with the internal iliac vein (drains the pelvis)?

firms the common iliac vein

what forms the inferior vena cava?

the common iliac veins, which travels superiorly along the right side of the vertebrae, taking blood to the right atrium of the heart

what is the hepatic portal system?

includes the veins that flow into the liver before returning to the heart

how do portal systems work?

blood flows from a capillary bed through the veins to another capillary bed —> in this case, blood from the capillaries of major digestive organs travels to the capillaries of the liver

what does the inferior mesenteric vein do?

drains the distal part of the large intestine, and empires into the splenic vein

what drains the small intestine and the proximal portion of the large intestine?

the gastroomental vein which joins with the superior mesenteric vein

what forms the hepatic portal system and does it do?*

splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein; which take blood to the capillaries of the liver, where the blood is cleaned by macrophages, and nutrients are either stored in the liver or passed into the bloodstream

what does the liver do to the blood?

receives it, processes it, and sends it to the hepatic veins to the inferior vena cava and toward the heart

which veins take blood directly to the inferior vena cava?*

renal veins, suprarrenal veins, and the lumbar veins

what’s an exception to this?

the right gonadal vein takes blood directly to the inferior vena cava but the left gonadal vein takes blood to the renal vein before flowing to the inferior vena

what are the major veins of the thoracic region?

intercostal veins (drain intercostal muscles), and the azygos vein and hemiazygos vein (drain blood from the thoracic region)

how does fetal circulation work?

oxygen and nutrients move and the maternal side of the placenta to the fetal bloodstream, whereas carbon dioxide and metabolic waste, move from the fetal bloodstream to the placenta

before birth, where is blood shunted from the lungs?

by a passageway called the ductus arteriosus that connects the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch

where does an additional fluid bypass from the lungs occur?

at the foreman ovale, where blood is shunted from the right atrium to the left atrium

what is the main purpose of foramen ovale?

Because the lungs do not oxygenate blood in the fetus, the foramen ovale is a bypass route away from the lungs into the chambers of the heart that will pump blood to the body

how does oxygen blood from the placenta flow into the inferior vena cava?

via the ductus venosus

what vein carries oxygenated blood from the placenta?

umbilical vein in the umbilical cord

where does the placenta receive blood from?

umbilical arteries

what kind of blood does the fetus receive?

a mixture of blood from both mother and fetal!

why does the blood pressure change in a newborn AT birth?

the closing of a flap of tissue over the foreman ovale, leaving a thin spot in the interatrial septum (causes blue baby when it doesn’t)