Metabolism and Nutrition - Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

Organic molecules made of C, H, and O which includes simple/complex sugars

Glycolysis

Process that converts glucose into 2 pyruvate in the cytosol

Input for glycolysis

1 glucose, 2 ATP, and 2 NAD⁺

Output for glycolysis

2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, and 2 NADH

What are the two pathways pyruvate can enter?

Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation) or Aerobic Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)

Process that converts pyruvate into lactate and converts the NADH product from glycolysis back into NAD⁺ for another cycle of glycolysis

Aerobic Respiration

Pyruvate turns into acetyl CoA at the mitochondrial matrix which also produces 1 NADH per pyruvate that leads into the Kreb’s Cycle

Kreb’s/Citric Acid/Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle

Process in mitochondrial matrix where acetyl-CoA undergoes oxidation

Input of Krebs Cycle

1 acetyl CoA, 3 NAD⁺, and 1 FAD

Output of Krebs Cycle

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP per pyruvate, and 2 CO₂ (waste)O

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Process where nutrients from Krebs cycle are oxidized which produces large amounts of ATP

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Shuttle electrons between a donor (NADH) and an acceptor (O₂) to drive a proton (H⁺) pump across mitochondrial matrix

Chemiosmosis

Process where excess of H⁺ drives ATP pump

ETC input

10 NADH, 2 FADH₂, and 5 O₂

ETC output

34 ATP, 10 H₂O