Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function chapter 2

Chemistry

The study of the properties of matter and how matter changes

Biochemistry

the study of substances and processes occurring in living things

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Element

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

Atom

Basic unit of matter

atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

free radicals

chemical particles with an odd number of electrons

Antioxidants

neutralize free radicals

Energy

The ability to do work or cause change

work

A result of a force moving an object a certain distance.

chemical bond

the force that holds two atoms together

chemical forumla

show the kind(s) and proportions of atoms in a molecule

Molecule

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

Compond

substance composed of atoms of two or more different elements that are chemically combined

Solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

homogeneous

of the same kind; alike

heterogeneous

different; dissimilar

ion

An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.

Cation

A positively charged ion

Anion

A negatively charged ion

salt

An ionic compound made from the neutralization of an acid with a base.

electropositive atoms

atoms with one or two valence shell electrons

electronegative atoms

Atoms with six or seven valence shell electrons

polar covalent bond

A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally

nonpolar covalent bond

a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms

polar molecule

A molecule that has electrically charged areas.

chemical reaction

process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals

Oxygen

O

Carbon

C

Hydrogen

H

Nitrogen

N

Calcium

Ca

Phosphorus

P

Sulfur

S

Potassium

K

Sodium

Na

Chlorine

Cl

Magnesium

Mg

Iron

Fe

Zinc

Zn

Iodine

I

Copper

Cu

Cobalt

Co

Isotope

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

Radioisotopes

An isotope that has an unstable nucleus and undergoes radioactive decay

ionizing radiation

enough energy to dislodge electrons from atoms, forming ions; capable of causing cancer (gamma, X-rays, UV)

Nucleus

Control center of the cell

Proton

positively charged particle

Neutron

A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom

Electron

negatively charged particle

electron shell

An energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom.

valence shell

outermost electron shell

potential energy

stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object

kenetic energy

the energy an object has due to its motion

chemical energy

Energy stored in chemical bonds

electrical energy

The energy of electric charges

electromagnetic energy

The energy of light and other forms of radiation.

Isomer

Compounds with the same formula but different structures.

Mixture

A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined

Solution

A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

Colloid

heterogeneous mixture whose particles never settle

Suspension

A mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separated by settling or filtration

weight per volume

grams per liter

percentage

a ratio formed by combining the same dimensional quantities

Molarity

moles of solute/liters of solution

Electrolyte

A substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts electric current

hydrophobic molecules

lipid soluble and can pass through the membrane rapidly

hydrophilic molecules

are charged molecules that are attracted to the partial charge of the water molecule

hydrogen bond

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

Exergonic

Chemical reactions that release energy

Endergonic

A chemical reaction that requires the input of energy in order to proceed.

Anabolic

A process in which large molecules are built from small molecules

Catabolic

A process in which large molecules are broken down

exchange reaction

Chemical reaction in which bonds are both made and broken; atoms become combined with different atoms.

reversible reaction

a chemical reaction in which the products re-form the original reactants

oxidation-reduction reaction

any chemical change in which one species is oxidized (loses electrons) and another species is reduced (gains electrons); also called redox reaction