POSC 201 Hammond Exam 2

Epicurus on Justice

-pledge of reciprocal usefulness

-utility

-useful in mutual associations on agreement(pact) based on utility

Carneades on Justice

-No natural laws nor natural justice

-Self-Interest

Cicero on Justice

-There is natural law= mind of God=right reason

-If there is natural law then there must be natural justice

Epicureans and Stoicism

-emphasis on virtue and how all people can achieve it

-emphasis on reason and rationality

-Nature itself is rational

-Fate and Free Will

Epicurus on the nature of reality

- Epistemology (knowing)- empiricism

-Ontology (being)- materialism

Contemplative Life

-Philosopher's life

- Plato and Aristotle would put this life above the active life

Active Life

-Statesman's life

-Cicero would put this life above the contemplative life

Cicero and Polybius on regimes

Good Regime vs. Deviant Regime

Kingship -------------Tyranny

Aristocracy ----------Oligarchy

Democracy ----------Mob Rule/Olachracy

Cicero's Ideal Regime

-Mix Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Democracy since all regimes fall apart eventually

-The Roman Republic was a great regime

St. Augustine on Justice vs Injustice

Two Cities---------Two Loves----------Two Fruits

Civitas Deus---- amor Deus caritas ----True ---------------Justice

(City of God)---- (love of God)-------- (cherry or love)

Civitas Terrena-----amor sui ---------cupiditas -------------Injustice

(earthly city)------- (love of self)

Plato and Augustine on Best Regimes

Plato------------------ St. Augustine

-Perfection -------------Perfection

-City in Theory----------- -City of God

- Both of them believe that everything else is imperfect in its own way

Perfect Regimes according to Plato, St Augustine and Alfarabi

-Plato- City in Theory (Form of Polis)

-St. Augustine- City of God

Alfarabi- The Virtuous Regime

Imperfect Regimes according to Plato, St. Augustine. and Alfarabi

-Plato- Various Regimes that we experience (democracy, aristocracy, etc.)

-St. Augustine- Earthly Cities

Alfarabi - Ignorant

- Erring/Incorrect Lower Ends (Goals)

- Wicked Immoral

Virtuous Regime

-knowledge of first principles

-aims at virtue for all citizens

-natural monarchy or aristocracy

- those who "know" must "rule" (reason must guide power)

- those who "trust" should "rule or be ruled"

-those who "imitate" must be ruled

Alfarabi on Regimes

4 General Types 7 End Goals

Perfect Virtuous Regime Virtue

Imperfect Erring Indispensable/Necessity

Ignorant Base City(Pleasure)

Wicked Vile City (Wealth)

Honor/Timocracy

Tyranny/ Power(for sake of domination)

Corporate Associations

Democracy( equality and liberty)

(not ranked)

Big inspiration of St. Thomas Aquinas

Aristotle

-Aquinas refers to him as The Philosopher

Natural Law

-First Precept of the Natural Law- to do and seek good and shun evil

Natural Inclinations Natural Primary Principles

- biological Rational self-preservation

-social/familial Propagation/Raising children

- Rational Truth of Divine Things

Political Communities

Plato's Cardinal Virtues

-Wisdom

-Courage

-Temperance

-Justice

Cicero's Signs of Moral Goodness

-Contemplate truth

-Dignity

-Order and Restraint

-Justice

St. Thomas Aquinas' Cardinal and Theological Virtues

Cardinal Theological

-Prudence -Love/Charity

-Fortitude -Hope

-Temperance -Faith

-Justice

Law Chart

Happiness Eternal Law "Blessedness"

Natural Law < -----> Divine Law

(Right Reason) (Revelation and Faith)

-Synderisis

Human Law

Criteria for Just Laws

-Ordained for the common good

- Proper authority and legitimate power

-Proportionally equal burdens

-*Aligned with the higher law

Two Signs of Unjust Laws

-Contrary to first 3 criteria of just laws

- Contrary to the Divine Good

St. Thomas Aquinas on Regimes

-The Best Regimes

1. King, Monarchy (Constitutional Monarchy- Rule of Law)

2. Mixed Regime: Monarchy, Aristocracy, Democracy

3 Questions of St. Thomas Aquinas

-Property- care order, peace responsibility to the

community and to

-War- just war the poor

-lawful authority

-just cause to wage war

-right intent

-Authority and Dissent- obligation to lawfully oppose tyranny

Machiavelli

-Political pragmatism, whatever works or is useful

- better (and safer) to be feared than loved

-Renaissance humanism

-Amorality

-Power Politics

Machiavelli's Principle Teachings

1. Ruler must learn how NOT to be good

-A prince needs certain vices

2. Appearances matter

3. Ruler must focus on war

4. Establish good foundations: good laws and good arms

Analogous example of good foundations

Human must be cunning like a fox and strong like a lion

Machiavelli's Best Regime

A mixed regime

Machiavelli on the Common Good

-Power

-Free Political Communities

-Wealth

These are what make up the common good

Beliefs of Epicureans

-The world is material and built on "atoms" (not scientific ones)

-The world is chaotic

-There is no natural law