last min animals

malleate trophi

omnivores

grinding and chewing

heavily developed teeth

smash and grind microalgae, bacteria, debris

incudate trophi

carnivorous

grasping and piercing

pincer-like hooks that protrude

seize or slice open prey

ramate trophi

filter feeders

continuous grinding

flattened broad plates with ridges

pulverizes tiny suspended particles (like a millstone)

amictic meaning

not mixed

lim to when resting eggs have to hatch

40 years

how long can bdelloidea survive under cryptobiosis

9-20 years

3 defining characteristics of molluscs

1. mantle

2. radula

3. foot

HAM simplest body plan 3

1. foot

2. mantle

3. viseral mass

arrangement of molluscan ganglia

• major ganglia are paired

• form a ring through which oesophagus passes

• connected by nerve fibers

veliger larva

free swimming

• enclosed in 2 valves

homonomous

identical segments

circular muscle contraction

anterior and posterior force elongates segment

longitudinal muscle contraction

dorsal and central force widens segments

3 advantages of metamerism

1. optimize energetic cost

2. regional displacement of coelomic fluid is compartmentalized

3. reduced energy expenditure to maintain preferred body shape

leech locomotion muscles

circular: elongation

longitudinal: retracts/shortens

vascular valves in annelid circulatory system

ensure unidirectional blood flow

afferent BV vs efferent BV in podia

afferent: bring blood towards podia from ventral vessel

efferent: take oxygenation blood away from podia to dorsal vessel

2 respiratory pigments in hemolymph

haemoglobbin

chlorocruorin

metanephridia

highly vascularized capillary network

• excretory organ

• one pair found in each segment

nephrostone

ciliated funnel that draws in coelomic fluid

• opens into metamere that is anterior to metanephridium

where nephridiopore located

terminal end of metanephridium

excretion in polychaetes

marine forms lack

greater in estuarine forms

oligochaete excretion

nephridia are greaty coiled and well vascularized

• hyposomotic urine

• reabsorption of salts in metanephridia

  • entteronephric (send waste into digestive tract vs nephridopore)

epicuticle (multilayered)

separates internal and external environment

• protein

• external waxy layer

• protects against water loss/bacteria

procuticle

protein + chitin

• sclerozation

• exocuticle → calcified endocuticle → uncalcified endocuticle

articular membrane

allows movement of plates of cuticle

spiracle

valve opening to tracheal system

• sieve plates prevents entry of water, dust, etc

taenidia

spiracle thickenings of the cuticle

• prevents tracheal collapse

aquatic insect gas exchange

• nonfunctional spiracles

• air bubble made by wax and hair

  • larva may have gills

heart pumping in arthropods

contraction: pumps blood out into sinsuses

relaxation: draws blood through ostia

lyriform organ

pit/slit organs found in groups

rhabdom

records light intensity at center of the image

does not record entire image

compound eye

• wide visual field

• detect motion

• polarized and UV light

• nectar guide at UV absorbance

  • multiple photoreceptor units

how do bees know type of pollen

releases nectar from food source and other bees follow trail

ambulacral surface wiht podia

in crinoidea filters water and bring food to mouth

dermal branchiae

projection of coelomic cavity

pedicellarie

minute pincers

mesodermal endoskeleton

plates/ossicles

test architecture

10 double rows of plates with moveable spines

• 5 are ambulacral rows with pores for tube feet

rigid shell

madreporite

sieve plate linking WVS to outside

stone canal

calcium carbonate plates

• reinforced canal

lateral canal

perpendicular branching of the radial canal leading to the tube foot

lateral canal

joins radial canal to tube foot via one-way valve

pedicellariae

2-3 calcium carbonate ossicles

immobile basal ossicle supports

ends can be moved apart and together by small muscles

• removal of unwanted organisms

• protect dermal branchiae

• capture live prey

gas exchange of echinoderms

cilia at dermal branchiae move inner fluid counter current to water flow

• gas exchange easier

respiratory tree

in holothuroids

1. contraction of cloacal muscles

2. water enter anus

3. anal sphincter closes and cloaca contract

4. several short inhalations to fill

5. one long exhalation to empty