Lifespan 7-10 test 2

What is the specialised movement phase?

Development of specialised movement skills leading towards sports-specific skills in age 8-12

What are the three functional movement levels?

Stability, locomotion and manipulation.

What are the three proficiency-barrier stages?

Transitional, application and lifelong learning.

What constrains movement development?

Cephalocaudal and proximodistal principles.

What happens in the transitional stage?

Fundamental movement skills (FMS) are initially refined and combined.

What characterises the transitional stage?

High interest, limited ability and a shift from process to product.

What happens in the application stage?

Children refine and apply more specialised movement skills.

What is emphasised in the application stage?

Technique, form, precision and good performance.

What helps develop proficiency in the application stage?

Considerable practice.

What characterises the lifelong learning stage?

Choosing physical activities for ongoing participation.

What influences lifelong activity choices?

Interests, motivation, ability and peer groups.

Why might children not master all fundamental movement skills?

Mastery takes time and depends partly on practice opportunities.

What factors affect fundamental movement skill development?

Facilities, equipment, practice time, spontaneous play, organised sport and societal attitudes.

What is rule-defined play?

Play in which children follow established rules.

When does rule-defined play begin?

During preschool; it becomes more defined in middle childhood.

motor behaviour at 6–10 years

Movement calibration and flow.

Play at 6–10 years

Socio-emotional play involving teams, turns, sharing and winning or losing.

Piaget's stage at approximately 7–11 years

Concrete operational stage.

What can children do in the concrete operational stage?

Reason logically about concrete events. Classify objects in their world into various sets.

Conservation

Understanding that quantity stays the same despite changes in appearance.

Reversibility

Understanding that an action or process can be mentally reversed.

Decentring

Considering more than one aspect of a situation at once.

Classification and seriation

Grouping objects into categories and ordering them by a characteristic.

What is a key limit of concrete operational thinking?

Abstract and hypothetical reasoning remains more difficult.

Erikson's crisis at 6–12 years

Industry vs inferiority.

What are favourable and unfavourable outcomes of industry vs inferiority?

Favourable: competence and achievement. Unfavourable: feelings of inferiority.

Benefits of extracurricular activities

Skill development, confidence and social connection.

What is puberty?

The process of physical maturation and sexual development.

What drives pubertal changes?

Hormonal changes.

How can a growth spurt affect movement?

Changing body size and proportions can temporarily affect coordination.

What are primary sex characteristics?

Reproductive organs and structures directly involved in reproduction.

What are secondary sex characteristics?

Physical changes associated with puberty that are not directly reproductive organs (eg body hair)

What is menarche?

The first menstrual period.

What is spermarche?

The first ejaculation containing sperm.

How can puberty change motor performance?

Growth and body-composition changes affect strength, speed and coordination.

Why may adolescents take more risks?

Reward and emotion systems develop ahead of full prefrontal control.

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex?

Planning, impulse control and evaluating consequences.

Piaget's stage in adolescence

Formal operational stage.

What is formal operational thinking?

Abstract and hypothetical reasoning.

What is hypothetico-deductive reasoning?

Developing hypotheses and systematically testing them.

What is propositional thought?

Reasoning about statements and whether they are logically valid.

What is the imaginary audience?

Believing others are highly focused on you and your behaviour.

What is the personal fable?

Believing your experiences are unique or that you are invulnerable.

What influences adolescent decision-making?

Developing executive control, emotions, rewards and social context.

Erikson's adolescent crisis

Identity vs role confusion.

What are favourable and unfavourable outcomes of identity vs role confusion?

Favourable: a coherent sense of identity. Unfavourable: confusion about who you are.

What is the difference between a clique and a crowd?

A clique is a small friendship group; a crowd is a larger social category.

What are dangers of negative peer pressure?

Risky behaviour and decisions that conflict with personal values..

When does peak strength typically develop?

About 25–30 years.

When is reaction time the lowest (fastest)?

During the 20s.

What happens to reaction time after its peak?

Responses gradually become slower.

Which motor abilities peak in the early 20s?

Limb speed, explosive strength and gross-motor coordination.

What are examples of sports peaking in the early 20s?

Sprinting, jumping and tennis-related skills.

Which abilities may peak later in the 30s?

Endurance and steadiness or aiming.

What are examples of sports peaking later?

Long-distance running and golf-related skills.

Sensory systems in early adulthood.

Most sensory systems are near their peak.

Which senses are generally near their peak?

Vision, hearing, taste, smell and touch.

Most cognitive functions in early adulthood

Many improve or remain strong.

Which executive functions develop further in early adulthood?

Planning, flexibility and decision-making.

What supports executive-function development in early adulthood?

Career, university and relationship experiences.

Which cognitive abilities may improve in early adulthood?

Sustained attention, language and memory.

When may processing speed begin to decline?

From the mid-20s.

Erikson's crisis in early adulthood

Intimacy vs isolation.

Intimacy in Erikson's theory

Commitment, reciprocity and close relationships.

What are favourable and unfavourable outcomes of intimacy vs isolation?

Favourable: close, committed relationships. Unfavourable: difficulty forming affectionate relationships.

What is Social Clock Theory?

The culturally expected timing of major life events.

What are early-adult social clock examples?

Graduating, university, first job, moving out and a long-term partner.

What can following expected social timelines help develop?

Confidence, stability, identity and productive engagement.

What age range is middle adulthood?

40–60 years.

When is gradual strength decline commonly observed?

About 50–70 years, with greater decline often later.

What contributes to age-related strength decline?

Muscle changes, inactivity and health factors.

What happens to reaction time in middle adulthood?

It gradually slows.

Which systems support gait and balance?

Musculoskeletal, visual, vestibular and somatosensory systems.

Cognitive change in middle adulthood

Some functions decline while knowledge and experience can remain strong.

Which executive functions may decline?

Planning and other complex executive processes.

What happens to divided attention and processing speed in middle adulthood?

Divided attention becomes harder and processing speed slows.

Working memory and inhibition in middle adulthood

Working memory may decline and filtering irrelevant information becomes harder.

Which abilities may remain strong or improve in middle adulthood

?

Erikson's middle-adult crisis.

Generativity vs self-absorption or stagnation.

What is generativity?

Helping, guiding or contributing to the next generation.

What are examples of generativity?

Parenting, mentoring, volunteering and contributing to the community.

What characterises self-absorption or stagnation?

Focusing mainly on one's own needs and prosperity.

What are middle-adult social clock examples?

Marriage, raising children, a stable career and retirement.

What is senescence?

The gradual process of biological ageing.

What is the difference between primary and secondary ageing?

Primary: intrinsic age-related changes. Secondary: effects of disease, lifestyle and environment.

What is sarcopenia?

Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength.

What is osteopenia?

Lower-than-normal bone mineral density.

What happens to strength with older age?

Strength generally declines.

What gait changes may occur in older adults?

Shorter strides, reduced toe clearance, slower walking, out-toeing and wider steps.

How does gait velocity change after age 70?

It may decline by about 15% per decade.

Why does fall risk increase with age?

Changes in strength, balance, gait and sensory function can increase risk.

How can fear of falling affect older adults?

It may reduce activity and confidence in mobility.

What can help maintain strength and balance?

Appropriate strength and balance training.

Which cognitive areas may decline in older adulthood?

Executive function, complex attention, recall, verbal fluency and cognitive flexibility.

What happens to complex attention with ageing?

It may become more difficult.

What happens to recall and verbal fluency in older adults?

Both may decline.

Do all cognitive abilities decline at the samin older adultse rate?

No. Changes vary across cognitive domains and individuals.

What may remain relatively stable in older adulthood?

Some accumulated knowledge and well-practised skills.

Erikson's crisis in older adulthood.

Integrity vs despair.

What characterises integrity?

Feeling fulfilled and accepting one's life choices and experiences.