Exam 2 Connected Speech

Coarticulation

Overlapping of articulators during speech production. (the process)

Assimilation

Phonemes take on the phonetic character of neighboring sounds. (the result)

Regressive Assimilation

-the identity of a phoneme is modified due to a phoneme following it. (Return)

-anticipatory assimilation, right-left

Progressive Assimilation

-the identity of a phoneme is modified due to a phoneme preceding it. (Progress)

-perseverative assimilation, left-right

Elison

Elimination a phoneme

Ephenthesis

Addition of a phoneme

Metathesis

2 sounds swapped

Vowel Reduction

Vowel turns into> mid-central (/ə/, /ɚ/)

Describe the process of vowel reduction.

Full form of a vowel becomes more mid-central. Tongue does not "hit its target" and instead opts for a more neutral tongue position.

Cause?

was shared → /wʌʒ ʃɛɹd/

tan car → /tæŋ kɑɹ/

bat girl → /bæk ɡɝl/

Regressive Assimilation

Intonation

Modification of voice pitch, gives clues about type of sentence, and speakers mood.

Intonational Phrase

Consists of all changes in fundamental frequency spanning the length of a meaningful utterance, falling/rising.

Rising Intonational phase

• Questions & incomplete thoughts

• Communicates uncertainty

• Reciting a list of items

• Yes/No Questions

Falling Intonational Phase

• WH-questions

• Complete statements & commands

• Indicate finality of an utterance

• The pitch of the voice declines

What is the difference between given and new information, and how do these concepts relate to sentence stress?

The words providing new information often receive the stress, occurs naturally due to language learning.

Content Words

Contain salient information in a sentence, typically receive stress

Function Words

Pronouns, articles, prepositions, conjunctions, rarely receive stress

What is the difference between a syllable that receives secondary stress and a syllable that is unstressed?

A syllable with secondary stress has some prominence, but less than primary stress. More noticeable than unstressed syllables in terms of loudness, pitch, and duration.

Levels of Stress and How They are Marked

ˈPrimary word stress

ˌSecondary word stress

Vowels have a greater duration than....

Consonants

Diphthongs have a greater duration than...

Vowels

Which consonants have the shortest duration ?

Stops

Which consonants have the longest duration ?

Glides & Liquids

Vowels preceding voiceless consonants are shorter than....

vowels preceding voiced consonants

Vowels in open syllables are longer than....

vowels in closed syllables

Pronouncing "Quiz sharing" as /kwɪʒʃɛɹɪŋ/ is a demonstration of which

process?

a) Regressive Assimilation

b) Progressive Assimilation

c) Elision

d) Epenthesis

e) Metathesis

a) Regressive Assimilation

Pronouncing "Forever" as /fɝɛvɚ/ is a demonstration of

which process?

a) Elision

b) Epenthesis

c) Metathesis

d) Vowel Reduction

e) Suprasegmentalization

d) Vowel Reduction

Pronouncing "Hit your target" as /hɪtʃɚtɑɹgət/ is a

demonstration of which process?

a) Regressive Assimilation

b) Progressive Assimilation

c) Elision

d) Epenthesis

e) Metathesis

a) Regressive Assimilation

Right to left assimilation is the

same thing as:

a) Regressive Assimilation

b) Progressive Assimilation

a) Regressive Assimilation

Past tense -ed morphemes becoming voiceless is an example of which process?

a) Regressive Assimilation

b) Progressive Assimilation

c) Vowel Reduction

d) Metathesis

b) Progressive Assimilation

Pronouncing the word "ban" as /bæən/ is an example of:

a) Regressive Assimilation

b) Progressive Assimilation

c) Vowel Reduction

d) Elision

e) Epenthesis

e) Epenthesis

Identify the sentence stress in the utterance below: "The ˌteam lost ˈevery ˌmatch."

a) The team was struggling at

the tournament.

b) The tournament was single-

elimination.

c) The coach was new.

a) The team was struggling at

the tournament.

Rising intonation typically communicates certainty on the

part of the speaker: True or False

False

When thinking of individual phoneme duration, vowels are

typically shorter in duration than consonants: True or False

False

Alterations in stress, timing of words, and intonation in connected speech are examples of:

a) Assimilatory processes

b) Non-assimilatory processes

c) Suprasegmental aspects of

speech

c) Suprasegmental aspects of speech

Producing the word "pretty" as /pɝɾi/ demonstrates which

process?

a) Regressive assimilation

b) Progressive assimilation

c) Elision

d) Epenthesis

e) Metathesis

e) Metathesis

Transcribe the word "smile" to demonstrate epenthesis within

the consonant cluster.

/səmaɪl/ (usually within consonant cluster)

We often see elision occurring when transcribing speech using citation form: True or False

False

The words providing "given information" in a sentence are

typically unstressed words since they do not communicate new

information: True or False

True