ANY THING BUT STUDY

Perform a _______ test and a test for ______ if the primary purpose of the second evaluation is needed. Vary the cost of drug A by __% and the probability of stroke by __%

Sensitivity
robustness
30
15

Flu vaccines at the pharmacy level is an ________ medical cost

direct

Sick leave is an ______ medical cost

indirect

Cost measured by dollars and effectiveness example is the number of stroke free days gained. What type of analysis.

Cost effectiveness analysis.

What is an economic analysis when quantifying the value of a clinical service. example the vaccine course cost 10,000 $ but saves the pharmacy 30,000$.

Cost benefit analysis

Quality of life is a ________ outcome

Humanistic

Pharmacoeconomics include what 3 outcomes.

Clinical outcomes.
economic outcomes.
Humanistic outcomes.

A patient has a severe IgE allergy to penicillin the doctor ordered a cephalosporin the what should the pharmacist do?

contact the physician to recommend an alternative agent or discuss a skin test

A full economic evaluation includes a comparison of _ or more alternatives in terms of cost and consequences.

2

Funding and designing is a ___ and its how a drug company can _______ research

COF (conflict of interest )
manipulate

What are the 2 conflicts of interest which is how a drug company manipulates research?

Funding
designing

After Discovery of a new medication what should you conduct?

Clinical trials

Who’s job is it for Large scale productions of a drug?

Pharma
(not the pharmacist)

Developing and production of medication is the responsibility of who?

pharmaceutical company

Dispensing a cheaper medication and billing the insurance for a higher costing medication is _____.

Fraud

What is a process the P&T committee uses to assess appropriateness, safety, and effectiveness of SGLT2 inhibitor utilization?

Medication use evaluation (MUE)

A ___ is when a pharmacist verifies drug-drug interaction ,duplicate therapy, allergies, inappropriate therapy.

DUR

What is a medication related action plan?

Patient centric action list to track progress and empower self management.

The following is an example of?
when a cost-effective analysis compares drug A to Drug B where ICER exceeds willingness to pay; the analysis then varies the drug acquisition cost of Drug A to determine the exact price point where ICER falls below the threshold.

One way sensitivity analysis.


Its basically only changing 1 variable (the drug price) until it becomes worth.

comparing two IV antibiotics that have an identical cure rate, safety, and infusion rate is a example of?

Cost minimization analysis

Correct sequential steps researcher takes when designing a decision tree for a new antibiotic:

determine the probability of each outcome,
assign values/cost to endpoints expected value

Patient centered care Cost-RX-Outcome prioritizes treatments that

improve overall well-being and long-term health rather than just looking at sticker price of a medication

5 steps of pharmacist patent care process. (PPCP)

Collect-(Pt info like med history etc.)
Assess-(if the pt current therapy is good)
Plan-(make a plan)
Implement-(implement the plan w doctors)
the parentheses is j so i dont have to go back to pp.

What 3 things should occur at each step of PPCP?

collaboration,

communication,

documentation

Pharmacies implementing monitoring/screening services utilizing devices that measure patient specimens need to apply for a ____ waiver

CLIA

CLIA waived tests are considered by the CDC and FDA to be simple to administer and have a lot or little risk for error?
Pharmacists providing waived tests agree to follow what?

Little
good laboratory practices.

In addition to CLIA, pharmacists must be knowledgeable about the ____which regulates workplace safety

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)

___Should be developed to help guide the pharmacists’ therapeutic decisions

CPA (collaborative practice agreement)

CPA must be evidence-based and supported by national guidelines and _____ literature

Primary

T/F
Physicians and pharmacists must all sign the CPA, and a copy needs to be kept at the pharmacy and at the physician practice.

T

3 outcomes of echo model

Economic
clinical
humanistic

Humanistic outcomes is health related ___ and __ _________

QOL (quality of life)
pt satisfaction

identify three strategies used to provide ongoing service monitoring to ensure program quality and success.
These three strategies are ________ QUALITY IMPROVEMENT STRATEGIEs

Scheduled staff meetings.
monitor service outcome
request feedback.

CONTINUOUS- it was in all caps

What is a Performance improvement method used in healthcare settings that is multidisciplinary and system-wide with the aim to optimize patient outcomes by promoting evaluation and improvement of medication-related use?

MUE

What does MUE stand for

Medication use and its signifigance.

What standards does MUE support

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO)

MUE can be NARROWLY focused and BROADLY focused. What do these 2 things mean?

Narrow-concentrating on a specific drug or disease state
Broadly- concentrating on a therapeutic class or indication

What are the TWO types of MUE outcomes?

Therapeutic and Process.

What are THERAPEUTIC outcomes?

Patient-centered outcomes that measure Clinical events,QOL,EFFICACY,INCIDENCE,RATES

What are PROCESS outcomes?

Medication-use outcomes that measure prescribing, dispensing, administering, and monitoring. FREQUENCY COST

Common MUE objective is to?

IMPROVE PAITENT SAFETY

MUE Performance improvement is used by organizations to?

to IMPROVE PATIENT CARE in SAFETY, EFFICACY, QUALITY, AND EFFICIENCY

Framework that aligns with the MUE process is the FOCUS-PDCA model: What does it stand for?

FIND – PROCESS TO TARGET FOR IMPROVEMENT

• ORGANIZE – TEAM THAT KNOWS THE PROCESS

• CLARIFY – CURRENT KNOWLEDGE OF PROCESS

• UNDERSTAND – CAUSES OF PROCESS VARIATION

• SELECT – PROCESS IMPROVEMENT

• PLAN – DEVELOP A SOLUTION

• DO – IMPLEMENT IMPROVEMENTS

• CHECK / STUDY – EVALUATE THE RESULTS

• ACT – DETERMINE CHANGES NEEDED AND IMPLEMENT THEM

WHICH MUE outcome is each

Theraputic
process

Recall NEXT STEPS when MUE OUTCOMES ARE UNDESIRED/NEGATIVE

Understand the cause OF THE PROCESS VARIATION. Conduct a root cause analysis (RCA) and consider the 5 WHYS- ASK WHY THE PROBLEM EXISTS 5 TIMES. DEVELOP IDEAS TO ADRESS THE ROOT CAUSE OF PROCESS VARIATION. UTILIZE FACES TOOL.
FACES TOOL-
FEASIBILITY
ACCEPTABILITY
COST/BENIFIT
EFFECTIVENESS
SUSTAINABILITY