Online Quiz 5

This collection of very large lymph nodes is responsibile for capturing pathogens that enter via the respiratory system

tonsils

If T-lymphocytes that failed the negative selection test were not destroyed, the immune system would likely

cause autoimmune disorders.

As blood moves away from the heart

none of the above.

Immunity that results from injections of antibodies produced in other organisms is called ________ immunity.

artificial passive

Nonspecific defenses include

(all of the above)

physical barriers.

phagocytic cells.

interferons.

inflammation

Where is the vasomotor center located?

Medulla oblongata

Which of the following is the innermost layer of a blood vessel?

tunica intima

Immunoglobulins responsible for the large secondary response of the immune system are

IgG.

Lymphocytes that destroy virus-infected cells by recognizing unusual MHC I are ________ cells.

cytotoxic T

Cells that help regulate the immune response and prevent autoimmune disorderare ________ cells.

supressor T

Alternative routes of blood supply are called ________.

anastomoses

Calculate the net filtration pressure (NFP) with a blood hydrostatic pressure of 40 mm Hg and a blood colloid osmotic pressure of 25 mm Hg. Then determine if the blood gains or loses fluid.

15 mm Hg; loss

Hypertension is commonly considered to be a chronic resting blood pressure higher than ________.

140/90

In people who stand for long periods, blood tends to pool in the lower limbs and this may result in varicose veins. What causes the varicose veins?

Failure of the venous valves

Most common allergies (food allergies and bee stings) leading to hyperactivation of basophils and mast cells are the result of ________.

type I (acute) hypersensitivity

Some antibodies flag cells for phagocytosis. This phenomenon is termed:

opsonization.

When an antigen is bound to a Class II MHC protein, it can activate a ________ cell.

helper T

Edema may occur when

(All of the answers are correct.)

endothelial permeability goes up.

capillary hydrostatic pressure is elevated.

the plasma concentration of protein is reduced.

blood pressure is high.

Which is the correct sequence of events in the humoral immune response?

Antigen recognition → antigen presentation → clonal selection → differentiation → attack

Lymphatic capillaries

originate as closed-ended tubes associated with blood capillary networks.

The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the

spleen

Inflammation results from histamine released from

(more than one of the above)

basophils.

mast cells

Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following, except the

osmolarity of interstitial fluids.

Immunity that results from vaccinations is called ________ immunity.

artificial active

Basophils of the blood help to get defensive leukocytes to the site quickly by releasing an anticoagulant called ________ and a vasodilator called ________.

heparin; histamine

The muscular layer of a blood vessel is the

tunica media.

How is venous return to your heart affected when you go for an easy jog?

It is increased due to increased skeletal muscular pump activity

Immunoglobulins that are the fastest to respond to an initial infection, but that display no change in response with secondary or tertiary infections are

IgM.

Cells that help regulate the immune response and bridge the non-specific and specific immune systems are ________ cells.

helper T

Stem cells that will form T cells gain immunocompetence in the

thymus

Each of the following will lead to a decrease in blood pressure, except

release of renin.

Which of the following factors will increase the net filtration pressure to move fluid out of capillaries?

both decreased plasma albumin and increased blood hydrostatic pressure

What is the mean arterial pressure for a person with 110 and 65 mm Hg as systolic and diastolic pressure, respectively?

80 mm Hg

What type of shock can be produced by hemorrhage, severe burns, or dehydration?

Hypovolemic

Autoimmune responses that activate macrophages and cytotoxic T cells to attack self cells (such as type 1 diabetes mellitus) are the result of ________.

type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity

The leukocytes that are activated by IgE antibodies are

basophils.

All of the following are true of the secondary response of humoral immunity, except

weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.

Which of the following would decrease capillary filtration?

Dehydration

NK and cytotoxic t cells destroy cells using

perforins

The force that drives fluid into lymphatic capillaries is

hydrostatic pressure.

The lymphatic organ that begins to atrophy following puberty is the

thymus

Leukocyte mobilization involves:

none of the above.

As blood moves from larger vessels into smaller ones

the flow remains constant.

Immunity that results from antibodies crossing the placenta is called ________ immunity.

natural passive

________ are secreted by cells infected with viruses, alerting neighboring cells and protecting them from becoming infected.

Interferons

Blood pressure is:

none of the above

Which vessels have the thickest tunica media?

Large arteries

Immunoglobulins that attract eosinophils and act as receptors on mast cells are

IgE.

Class II MHC molecules are found only on which of the following?

lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

A(n) ________ is the region of the molecule that is recognized by antibodies.

epitope

Which of the following are powerful vasoconstrictors?

Norepinephrine and angiotensin II

Which of the following statements is false concerning the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitial space?

The osmotic pressure of the blood is less than the interstitial osmotic pressure.

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the ________ pressure.

pulse

THe molecule used for vasoconstrition in inflammation and hemostasis is:

seratonin

Autoimmune responses where antigen-antibody complexes insert into self cells marking them for destruction (such as mis-matched blood transfusions and myasthenia gravis ) are the result of ________.

type II (antibody-dependent cytotoxic) hypersensitivity

Some antibodies act to tie together cells that are identified as non-self This phenomenon is termed:

agglutination.

Which leukocytes are the first to arrive at an inflamed site?

Neutrophils

Inflammation produces localized

(all of the above)

redness.

swelling.

heat.

pain.

Which of the following is something antibodies do not do?

Differentiate into memory antibodies, which upon reexposure to the same pathogen would mount a quicker attack

Special lymphatic vessels, called lacteals, absorb dietary ________ that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries.

lipids

Which of the following is not an example of lymphatic tissue?

Macrophages

________ lacks the capacity to remember a pathogen or react differently to it in the future, whereas ________ utilizes memory cells to adapt to a given pathogen and ward it off more easily in the future.

Non-specific immunity; adaptive immunity

The reason flow increases so dramatically with the increase in diameter of a vessel is due to

decreased frictional forces.

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.

natural active

The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the protein C1 binds to

an antibody attached to an antigen.

Which statement best describes arteries?

All carry blood away from the heart.

Where is the greatest volume of blood found in the body?

Veins

Immunoglobulins that can be found as pentamers in the plasma are

IgM.

The cells that are actively involved in destruction of cancer cells whose populations are decreased by stress induced release of glucocorticoids are the ________ cells.

natural killer

Specific immunity with immunilogogical memory is the result of the:

more than one of the above

Each of the following will cause an increase in blood pressure, except

increased levels of ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide).

What is the most important force driving filtration at the arterial end of a capillary?

Blood hydrostatic pressure

Which of the following would decrease the velocity of blood flow?

more than one of the above

A bee sting can trigger a massive release of histamine, which causes ________ and a(n) ________ in arterial blood pressure.

vasodilation; decrease

Autoimmune responses that overstimulate production of antigen-antibody complexes leading to widespread activation of compliment and inflammatory responses (such as systemic lupus erythematosis) are the result of ________.

type III (immune complex) hypersensitivity

Some antibodies prevent pathogens from being able to interact with self cells. This phenomenon is termed:

neutralization.

During a routine exam, Allison has some blood taken and analyzed. The results show a high IgG titer for the measles virus but a low IgM anti-measles titer. This would indicate that Allison

more than one of the above is possible.

Which of the following does not lead to edema?

Hyperproteinemia

Cytotoxic T (TC) cells are like natural killer (NK) cells because they both ________.

secrete lymphotoxins and perforin

Which of the following forces does not help lymph to flow?

The lymphatic node pump

Chemotaxis is the process by which

cells migrate along chemical gradients.

Complement C3b protein coats bacteria and stimulates phagocytosis by ________ during a process called ________.

neutrophils and macrophages; opsonization

These vessels may be continuous or fenestrated.

capillaries

Blood moves forward through veins because of all of the following, except

pumping by the smooth muscle in the wall of the vein.

Immunoglobulins that are normally found as receptors on b lymphocytes are

IgD.

The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells.

B

Cell mediated immunity is the result of the:

t lymphocytes.

What is the most important force driving reabsorption at the venous end of a capillary?

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

A nurse takes your blood pressure and tells you the numbers are 110/70. What are your blood pressures?

Systolic = 110 mmHg, Diastolic = 70 mmHg, Pulse Pressure = 40 mmHg, MAP = 83 mmMg

What might account for a soldier experiencing syncope after standing at attention for a long period of time?

Venous pooling

The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their

heavy-chain constant segments.

Neutrophils function in all the follwing ways, EXCEPT

releasing histaminase

Your friend ate some shellfish, and as a result, his face and hands become swollen and red. You recommend he take an antihistamine. This may be effective in alleviating his symptoms because ________.

the medication will help to prevent the escape of fluid into the extracellular space

The chemicals that destroy the DNA of cancer or virally infected cells are

lymphotoxins

All of the following are important aspects of the lymphatic system except

pH regulation.

Diapedesis involves:

none of the above.

The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following, except

antibodies.

Immunoglobulins that can be found as dimers and are important to the immunity of infants are

IgA.

Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and roughen its surface, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed:

opsonization.

Often a virus-infected cell will release ________ to prevent spread of the infection.

interferon