Unit 0: The Nature of Science

Scientific Method

A systematic process scientists use to ask questions, make observations, test ideas, and draw conclusions.

Hypothesis

A testable prediction or explanation about how something works.

Independent Variable

The variable that a scientist deliberately changes in an experiment.

Dependent Variable

The variable that is measured or observed in an experiment.

Control

A standard used for comparison in an experiment.

Scientific Theory

A well-tested explanation of natural phenomena supported by a large amount of evidence.

Scientific Law

A statement that describes a consistent pattern or relationship in nature.

Astronomy

The scientific study of stars, planets, galaxies, and other objects in space.

Meteorology

The scientific study of Earth's atmosphere, weather, and atmospheric conditions.

Geology

The scientific study of Earth, including rocks, minerals, landforms, and Earth's interior.

Environmental Science

The study of interactions between living organisms and their environment.

Geosphere

The solid parts of Earth, including rocks, minerals, soil, and Earth's interior.

Atmosphere

The layer of gases surrounding Earth.

Hydrosphere

All of Earth's water, including oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and water vapor.

Cryosphere

All of Earth's frozen water, including glaciers, ice sheets, sea ice, and permafrost.

Biosphere

All parts of Earth where living organisms exist.