Disorders of Renal Funtion

Pathophysiology week 5

dysgenesis

failure ot develop normally

agenesis

complete failure of an organ to develop

hypoplasia

failure of organ to reach normal size (risk of glomerular disease)

overall functions of the kidney

regulate blood volume nad BP, filter blood, activate vitamin D, produce erythropoetin, control sodium water balance

basic defintion of renal failure

kidneys fail to remove metabolic end product and regulate fluid contents and balance

most improtant factor in determining renal function

GFR!! then creatinine or BUN

number one cause of prerenal kidney injury

hypotension (low blood volume ot the kidney)

intrinsic causes of acute renal failure

prolonged renal ischemia, exposure to nephrotoxic drugs, damage to nephron

causes of restricted blood flow to kidney

heart attack, stroke, low bp

factors effecting helath of kidney cells

contrast dye, antibiotics, NSAIDs, anesthesia drugs

common postrenal injury causes

kidney stones, pregnancy, BPH, infection, tumor, spinal cord injury

number one effect of urinary obstruction

STASIS of urine, or development of backpressure

what is nephrolithiasis

kidney stones

clinical manifestations of nephrolithiasis (kidney stones)

flank pain, dysuria, N/V, gross or microscopic hematuria, renal failure

risk factors of kidney stones

high oxalate food (theyre mostly healthy like spinach, nuts and potato)

types of UTIs

cystitis and pyelonephritis

number one cause of UTI

stasis of urine

why are elders prone to UTIs

immobility, bladder outflow obstruction (ie BPH), kidney stones, bladder ischemia, decreased bacteriacidal effect in urine

why are pregnant women prone to UTIs

stasis of urine, mechanical obstruction, displaced bladder

why are children prone to UTIs

ssystemic/immune disorder,constipation, infrequent urination, wiping habits, premature babies, asymptomatic bacteriauria, higher chance of pyelonephritis

important to remember in urinalysis

look for signs/evidence of infection and remember first morning void is usually darker

most common causes of chronic kidney disease

hypertension, diabetes

characteristics of glomerulonephritis

hematuria, decreased GFR, azotemia (nitrogenous waste), oliguria, high BP

different risks making people more prone ot UTI

diabetes, immunosuppressed, neurogenic bladder (lack of voiding/moving)

stages of chronic renal failure progression

diminished renal reserve, renal insufficiency, renal failure, end stage ren

clinical manifestations of chronic renal failure

accumulation of nitrogenous waste (come from skin), alteration of fluid balance, mineral/skeletal disorder, anemia (of chronic disease), altered heart function/high BP, GI disorders, Neurologic disorders