IP3 exam 1 disorder symptoms

What are the key symptoms of hyponatremia?

Muscle cramps, weakness, headache, confusion, nausea, seizures, coma. Most often hypotonic; severity depends on acuity and sodium level.

What are the hallmark symptoms of hypernatremia?

Thirst, dry mucosa, decreased turgor, agitation, seizures, coma. Always hypertonic; causes cellular dehydration.

What symptoms are associated with hypokalemia?

Weakness, fatigue, ileus, constipation, paresthesias, dysrhythmias. Often presents with metabolic alkalosis and muscle slowing.

What are the clinical signs of hyperkalemia?

Muscle cramps, paresthesias, diarrhea, ECG changes, cardiac dysrhythmias. Cardiac risk is key—watch for peaked T waves.

What are the symptoms of hypocalcemia?

Tetany, paresthesias, seizures, QT prolongation, osteomalacia. Look for Chvostek/Trousseau signs.

What symptoms suggest hypercalcemia?

Weakness, confusion, constipation, polyuria, HTN, kidney stones. “Stones, bones, groans, moans.”

What are the symptoms of hypomagnesemia?

Tetany, cramps, arrhythmias, nystagmus, HTN. Often coexists with hypokalemia; neuromuscular irritability.

What are the signs of hypermagnesemia?

Lethargy, hyporeflexia, confusion, hypotension, cardiac arrest. Think sedation and cardiac depression.

What symptoms are seen in hypophosphatemia?

Tremor, seizures, weakness, bone pain, bleeding risk. Diaphragm dysfunction and platelet issues.

What are the symptoms of hyperphosphatemia?

Tetany, paresthesias, hypotension, arrhythmias. Often due to renal failure; risk of Ca-Phos precipitation.

What are the symptoms of respiratory acidosis?

Headache, confusion, coma, tremors, acidic urine. Caused by CO₂ retention (e.g., COPD, CNS depression).

What symptoms indicate respiratory alkalosis?

Dizziness, panic, seizures, tetany, arrhythmias. Often triggered by anxiety or hypoxia.

What are the signs of metabolic acidosis?

Kussmaul breathing, lethargy, bradycardia, hyperkalemia, acidic urine. Use anion gap to differentiate causes.

What symptoms are seen in metabolic alkalosis?

Confusion, convulsions, hyporeflexia, arrhythmias, alkaline urine. Often due to vomiting or diuretics.

What are the symptoms of hypovolemia?

Dry mucosa, poor skin turgor, orthostatic hypotension, ↑ BUN/SCr. Negative fluid balance and decreased urine output.

What are the signs of hypervolemia?

Edema, pulmonary congestion, weight gain. Often due to heart or renal failure.