Trunk and head

How many total vertebrae are in the spinal column?

24

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5

What kind of vertebrae are the sacrum and coccyx?

fused

Vertebral arch

forms posterior margin of each vertebral foramen

Vertebral foarmen

Holes within the vertebrae for the spinal cord and or blood vessels

Vertebral canal

The cavity that contains the spinal cord

Pedicle

Where the body of the vertebrae connect to the posterior arch (walls)/ connects transverse process to the body

laminae

roof of the vertebral arch

Transverse process of vertebra

Projects laterally or dorsolaterally from pedicles and are site of muscle attachment

Spinous process

projects posteriorly from where laminae fuse together (bumps along midline of back)

Articular process

At junction between pedicles and laminae (superior and inferior) and contact one another at articular facets

articular facets

allow adjacent vertebrae to articulate with each other

Superior facets of C1 articulates with ...

occipital condyles

What is C1 called?

Atlas

What is C2 called?

Axis

True or false:

Cervical vertebrae are the most mobile and accessible

True

What do the cervical vertebrae have that the other vertebrae don't and why?

Transverse foramina that protect the blood vessels coming from the brain

What do the 12 thoracic vertebrae articulate with?

12 ribs at costal facets

What amount of movement do the thoracic vertebrae have and why?

Minimal movement to help stabilize the thoracic are and protect internal organs

True or False:

Lumbar vertebrae are the larger and stockier than the other vertebrae

True

Where are the thoracic vertebrae located and what is their function?

Located between the 12th rib and the posterior iliac crest

They support the weight of the upper body

The thorax is made up of what two structures?

Sternum and ribcage

The rib cage consists of what?

Costal cartilage and 12 pairs of ribs

Costal cartilage

Identical to ribs and serves as bridge between them and sternum

Which of the ribs are true ribs (attach to the sternum)?

1-7

Which of the ribs are false ribs (attach indirectly to the sternum via costal cartilage)?

8-12

What kind of ribs are 11-12? Why?

False and floating because they don't attach to sternum or have costal cartilage

What are the parts of the sternum?

Jugular notch, manubrium, sternal angle, body, articulation with ribs, and xiphoid process

What bony landmark is this?

Sternal end of rib

What bony landmark is this?

Head of rib

What bony landmark is this?

Neck of rib

What bony landmark is this?

Tubercle of rib

What bony landmark is this?

angle of rib

What bony landmark is this (closest to sternal end)?

Groove for subclavian artery and vein

What bony landmark is this?

vertebral end of rib

How many natural curvatures are in the spine

4

Lordotic curve

Cervical and lumbar regions- anterior bends/secondary curves (develop after birth)

Kyphotic curves

Thoracic and sacral- bow posteriorly/ primary curves (present at birth)

When does cervical lordosis develop?

With head control

When does lumbar lordosis develop?

as baby starts to stand and walk

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine is...?

Scoliosis

True or false:

Muscles of the spine and thorax are situated along the posterior and abdominal regions and create movement of the vertebral column and rib cage

True

The spine and thorax muscles are difficult to isolate why?

They are arranged and composed of numerous bands of dense interwoven fibers so isolating particular portions is difficult

What are the 4 groups of muscles

erector spinae, transversospinalis, splenii, and subocciptals

Erector spinae group (I Love Spine- lateral to medial... 1st)

Spinalis, longissimus, iliocostal

What is the origin of the erector spinae group?

Common tendon (thoracolumbar fascia) that attaches to the posterior surface of sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of the lumbar, and last two thoracic vertebrae

Insertion of erector spinae group

Various attachments at the posterior ribs, spinous and transverse processes of thoracic and cervical vertebrae and mastoid process of temporal bone

Action of the erector spinae group

Unilaterally: Laterally flex vertebral column to the same side

Bilaterally: Extend the vertebral column

innervation of the erector spinae group

Spinal Nerve

Transversospinalis group

three major branches but deep to erectors (fibers)

Three muscles of transversospinalis group

multifidi, rotatores, semispinalis capitis (link vertebrae together)

Multifidi origin

Sacrum and transverse processes of lumbar through cervical vertebrae

Multifidi Insertion/ span

spinous process of lumbar vertebrae through second cervical vertebrae/ span 2-4 vertebrae

Multifidi Innervation

spinal nerve

Rotatores origin

Transverse processes of lumbar through cervical vertebrae

Rotatores Insertion/ span

spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae through second cervical vertebrae (rotators span 1-2)

Rotatores action

Unilaterally: Rotate the vertebral column to the opposite side

Bilaterally: Extend the vertebral column

rotatores innervation

Spinal nerve

semispinalis capitis origin

Transverse processes of C4-T5

semispinalis capitis insertion

Between the superior and inferior nuchal lines of the occiput

semispinalis capitis action

extend vertebral column and head

semispinalis capitis innervation

Cervical nerve

Splenius Capitis and cervicis origin

Capitis: Inferior one-half of ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of C-7 to T-4

Cervicis: Spinous processes of T-3 to T-6

Splenius Capitis and cervicis Insertion

Capitis: Mastoid process and lateral portion of superior nuchal line

Cervicis: Transverse processes of C-1 to C-3

Splenius Capitis and cervicis action

Unilaterally:

Rotate the head and neck to the same side

Laterally flex the head and neck to the same side

Bilaterally:

Extend the head and neck

Splenius Capitis and cervicis Innervation

cervical nerve

Qudratus Lumborum Origin

posterior iliac crest

Qudratus Lumborum Insertion

Last rib and transverse processes of first through 4th lumbar vertebrae

Qudratus Lumborum Action

Unilaterally:

laterally tilt (elevate) the pelvis/ laterally flex the vertebral column to the same side (lumbar region)/ assist to extend the vertebral column

Bilaterally:

Fix the last rib during forced inhalation and exhalation

Qudratus Lumborum Innervation

Lumbar plexus Nerve

What are the Abdominals?

rectus abdominis (I), external oblique (\/), internal oblique (/\), transverse abdominis (=)

As a whole what do the abdominals assist in?

Expiration and exhalation

Rectus Abdominis origin

Pubic crest, public symphysis

Rectus Abdominis Insertion

cartilage of 5th-7th ribs and xiphoid process

Rectus Abdominis Action

flexes vertebral column, tilt pelvis posteriorly

Rectus Abdominis Innervation

Spinal Nerves T7-T12

External Oblique Origin

external surface of ribs 5-12

External Oblique Insertion

anterior iliac crest and rectus sheath to linea alba

External Oblique Action

Unilaterally:

laterally flex vertebral column to the same side, rotate vertebral column to opposite side

Bilaterally:

Flex the vertebral column and compress abdominal contents

External Oblique Innervation

Spinal Nerve T8-T12

Internal oblique origin

Lateral inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia

Internal oblique Insertion

Internal surface of lower three ribs, rectus sheath to linea alba

Internal oblique action

Unilaterally:

laterally flex the vertebral column to the same side; Rotate the vertebral column to the same side

Bilaterally:

Flex the vertebral column; Compress the abdominal contents

Internal oblique Innervation

Spinal nerve T8-T12

transverse abdominis origin

lateral inguinal ligament, iliac crest, throacolumbar fascia, and internal surface of lower 6 ribs

transverse abdominis insertion

rectus sheath to linea alba

transverse abdominis action

compresses abdomen contents

upper portion helps dec angle of the ribs as in expiration/ stabilizes linea alba permitting better action

transverse abdominis Innervation

Spinal nerves T8-T12

diaphragm origin

Costal attachment: Inner surface of lower six ribs

Lumbar attachment: Upper two or three lumbar vertebrae

Sternal attachment: Inner part of xiphoid process

diaphragm insertion

central tendon

diaphragm action

Draw down the central tendon of the diaphragm

Increase the volume of the thoracic cavity during inhalation

principal muscle of inspiration (muscle descends)- relaxes during expiration and ascends

diaphragm innervation

Phrenic Nerve

intercostals origin

inferior border of rib above

intercostals insertion

superior border of rib below

intercostals action

External:

Draw the ribs superiorly to assist with inhalation

Internal:

Draw the ribs inferiorly to assist with exhalation

intercostals Innervation

intercostal nerves

Intertransversarii origin

Cervical: Spanning the transverse processes of vertebrae C-2 to C-7

Lumbar: Spanning the transverse processes of vertebrae L-1 to L-5

Intertransversarii Insertion

transverse processes of vertebrae above