Psychiatric Nursing Review Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering psychiatric nursing, developmental theories, defense mechanisms, sleep disorders, psychopathology, and related legal aspects.

Alfred Binet

Recognized as the father of intelligence tests; invented the first practical IQ test.

Classical Conditioning Theory

Learning theory formulated by Ivan Pavlov based on stimulus-response associations.

Operant Conditioning Theory

Behavioral learning theory developed by Skinner.

Repression

The unconscious or involuntary exclusion of unwanted or unpleasant experiences, emotions, or ideas from awareness.

Suppression

The voluntary and conscious rejection of unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or memories from conscious awareness.

Jean Piaget's Theory

Developmental theory based on the principle of cognitive development.

Psychosexual Development Theory

Developmental framework formulated by Sigmund Freud.

Psychosocial Development Theory

Eight-stage developmental framework formulated by Erik Erikson.

Learning

The process of modifying individual behavior through experience.

Conflict

A psychological state occurring when an individual is unable to decide between two equally important goals.

Sociology

The scientific discipline that studies human society and social behavior.

Psychology

The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behavior in a given context.

Physiology

The branch of biology dealing with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.

Archaeology

The study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture.

Anthropology

The study of the physical, social, and cultural history of man.

Profound Mental Retardation

Classification of mental retardation designated when an individual's IQ level is less than $20$.

Primary Group (Socialization)

The family, which serves as the first agent of socialization.

Secondary Group (Socialization)

Society, functioning outside the immediate family unit.

Projection

A defense mechanism in which an individual expresses their failures and difficulties by blaming others.

Acculturation

The cultural diffusion occurring between people belonging to two different cultures.

Normal Average Intelligence Quotient

An IQ score ranging from $90\text{--}110$ for a boy.

Gamophobia

An irrational or pathological fear of marriage.

Phonophobia

The fear of sound; also referred to as sonophobia or ligyrophobia.

Autophobia

The specific phobia of social isolation; also known as monophobia, isolophobia, or eremophobia.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

The core psychosocial developmental task of the toddler stage according to Erik Erikson.

Denial

The first stage of the Kübler-Ross grieving process where an individual assumes an event occurred mistakenly or insists an illness could never happen to them.

Alarm Phase (GAS)

The initial stage of Hans Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome, marked by increased energy levels, oxygen intake, cardiac output, blood pressure, and mental alertness.

Acceptance

The final stage of death and dying wherein a patient expresses peace with their circumstances and is ready to move on without fear.

Stage-I NREM Sleep

Sleep stage characterized by involuntary muscle jerking movements and decreased vital parameters; part of NREM which comprises $70\text{--}80\%$ of total sleep.

REM Sleep

Sleep phase comprising $20\text{--}25\%$ of daily sleep (often occurring in the morning), characterized by increased vital parameters, penile erection, and vivid dreams.

Somnambulism

A sleep disorder characterized by sleepwalking during which the individual is unaware of their environment.

Bruxism

Grinding of one's teeth during sleep, frequently serving as an indicator of stress.

Cataplexy

A sudden, temporary loss of muscle motor tone and weakness precipitated by emotional states, commonly associated with narcolepsy.

Catalepsy

A nervous condition characterized by muscular rigidity, fixity of posture regardless of external stimuli, and decreased sensitivity to pain.

Restless Leg Syndrome

A condition in which a client cannot lie still and reports unpleasant creeping sensations in the legs.

CAGE Questionnaire

An assessment screening tool consisting of $4$ questions used to evaluate alcohol misuse.

Delusion

An unshakable, false, and fixed belief held firmly despite contradictory evidence.

Hallucination

A false sensory perception experienced in the absence of an actual external stimulus.

Illusion

The misinterpretation or misperception of an actual, real external stimulus.

Tangentiality

A disorder of thought/speech in which an individual wanders away from the main point into digressions and never returns to the original topic.

Circumstantiality

A thought disorder characterized by a communication pattern that includes excessive, unnecessary, and trivial details before eventually returning to the main point.

Echopraxia

The involuntary repetition or imitation of another person's physical movements or actions.

Echolalia

The meaningless, parrot-like repetition of another person's spoken words.

Sublimation

A defense mechanism wherein unacceptable drives or distress are channeled into socially constructive activities, such as advocating for gun safety following a child's shooting.

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Psychotic manifestations including hallucinations, delusions, confused thoughts, and disorganized speech.

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Deficits including anhedonia, blunting of affect, poverty of speech and thought, apathy, reduced social drive, loss of motivation, and lack of social interest.

Ramsay Scale

A scale used in operating theatres to measure patient sedation, scored from $1\text{ to }6$ based on responsiveness.

Neologism

An idiosyncratically coined new word, new expression, or altered term whose derivation cannot be easily understood; commonly seen in schizophrenia.

Visual Hallucination

The most common type of sensory hallucination observed in Alzheimer's disease and dementia.

Auditory Hallucination

The most common type of hallucination experienced in schizophrenia.

Id

The personality structure concerned with immediate self-gratification via the quickest means available, operating on the pleasure principle.

Ego

The subsystem of personality that mediates impulses and functions according to the reality principle.

Super Ego

The structural component of personality that operates according to the morality principle.

Selye's GAS Theory

Stress model outlining three sequential phases: the alarm stage, the resistance stage, and the exhaustion or death stage.

Stereotyping

The cognitive perception or assumption that all members of a specific group are identical or share the same behaviors.

Remission

A period during a chronic illness when the disease is controlled and signs and symptoms are reduced or not clinically obvious.

Exacerbation

The active, severe phase of a chronic illness where symptoms become more prominent and disease activity is high.

Psychomotor Domain

Learning domain that involves the acquisition of physical skills and performance tasks, such as learning to use a walker.

Cognitive Domain

Learning domain focused on knowledge acquisition, intellectual skills, and comprehension.

Affective Domain

Learning domain involving the transformation of feelings, attitudes, values, and emotions.

Mental Health Care Act 2017

Indian legislation passed on $7\text{ April }2017$ (effective $7\text{ July }2018$) replacing the $1987$ Act; it decriminalized attempted suicide under Section $309$ IPC and prohibited unmodified ECT and ECT in minors.

Chlordiazepoxide (Librium)

The first benzodiazepine discovered, identified accidentally by Leo Steinbach in $1955$.

Benzodiazepines

A class of psychoactive medications whose chemical core consists of a fused benzene ring and diazepine ring.

Alzheimer's Disease

The most common degenerative neurologic illness and the primary cause of cognitive impairment in older adults.

Agoraphobia

The most common type of phobia encountered in clinical practice.

Rationalization

A defense mechanism involving the offering of socially acceptable, logical reasons for behaviors or failures, exemplified by the 'sour grapes' attitude.

Substitution

A defense mechanism in which an unattainable goal is replaced with a more attainable one, such as seeking a third-grade teaching role after failing to become a college lecturer.

Trainable Mental Retardation

Category of moderate mental retardation characterized by an IQ range of $35\text{--}49$.

Jamais Vu

A paramnesic memory disturbance in which a familiar situation, person, or object is experienced as completely unfamiliar.

Persecutory Delusion

A paranoid belief that one is being targeted, harmed, or poisoned (e.g., refusing food believing it is poisoned), common in paranoid schizophrenia and mania.

Kleptomania

An impulse disorder characterized by a compulsive, recurring mania for stealing articles.

Melancholic Temperament

Personality type in the four temperaments theory characterized by feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, and persistent self-blame.

Delirium

An acute neurocognitive disorder primarily affecting consciousness and attention.

Perseveration

A thought disorder characterized by the recurrence or persistence of a response or activity despite new or changing stimuli (giving the same answer to different questions).

Verbigeration

A verbal disturbance characterized by the continuous, purposeless repetition of specific words or phrases.

La Belle Indifférence

A paradoxical lack of emotional concern or distress regarding severe physical dysfunction, characteristic of conversion disorder.

Hans Berger

The German psychiatrist who first recorded human electroencephalogram (EEG) brain rhythms.