14 Cases Gov requirement Goal 5

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Confirmed implied federal powers and federal supremacy.

United States v. Lopez (1995)

Limited Congress's power under the Commerce Clause.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

School segregation is unconstitutional.

Baker v. Carr (1962)

Federal courts can hear redistricting cases.

Shaw v. Reno (1993)

Race-based redistricting can violate equal protection.

Schenck v. United States (1919)

Speech creating a serious danger could be restricted under the ruling's historical standard.

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Public schools cannot sponsor official prayer.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Indigent defendants must receive a lawyer in serious criminal cases.

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

Students have free-speech rights at school.

New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)

Government generally cannot stop publication in advance without sufficient justification.

Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

Protected Amish religious freedom regarding school attendance.

McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

Applied the individual right to bear arms to state and local governments.

Citizens United v. FEC (2010)

Protected independent political spending by corporations and unions under the First Amendment.