UNIT 1 AP BIO

anything that takes up space and has mass

matter

a substance that cannot be broken down into another

element

a substance consisting of 2 or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

compound

of the 92 naturally occurring elements 20-25% of these are essential to survive

essential elements

of the 92 naturally occurring elements these are required by the organism in very small quantities

trace elements

elements will gain, lose, or share electrons to complete their valence electron shell and become stable

octet rule

an attraction between two atoms, resulting from sharing or transferring of valence electrons

chemical bonds

the measure of an atoms ability to attract electrons to itself

electronegativity

when two or more atoms share electrons

covalent bonds

electrons are shared equally between two atoms

nonpolar covalent

electrons are not equally shared between two atoms

polar covalent

the attraction between oppositely charged atoms

ionic bonds

where do ionic bonds usually form

between metal and nonmetal

the partially positive atom in one polar covalent molecule will be attracted to the electronegative atom, in another polar covalent bond

hydrogen bonds

polar covalent bonds created by unequal sharing of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen within a molecule of water

polarity

attraction of molecules for other molecules of same kind

cohesion

the attraction to other molecules that are polar or have charge

adhesion

the upward movement of water due to the forces of cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension

capillary action

h2o resists changes in temp.

specific high heat

water requires a large amount of energy to evaporate due to strong hydrogen bonds

high heat of vaporization

as water molecules evaporate the surface from where they evaporate gets cooler

evaporative cooling

as water solidifies, it expands and becomes less dense

density

dissolving agent in a solution

solvent

substance being dissolved

solute

measure of how acidic or basic something is

pH

substance released hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

acid

a substance that accepts H or releases hydroxide ions

base

a solution that resists change in pH when an acid of base is added

buffer

the study of compounds with covalently bonded carbon

organic chemistry

compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen

organic compounds

how many valence electrons does carbon have

4

compounds with only hydrogen and carbon

hydrocarbons.

chemical groups attached to the carbon skeleton that participate in chemical reactions

Functional groups

amino group

NH2

methyl group

CH3

chain like macromolecules of similar or identical repeating units that are covalently bonded together

polymers

repeating units that make up a polymer

monomer

covalently bonds two monomers with the loss of water

dehydration reaction

the connection of many monomers

polymerization

breaks the covalent bonds in the polymer by adding water

hydrolysis

what are carbohydrates comprised of

C, H, O

simple sugars

monosaccharides

2 monosaccharides joined together by covalent bonds

disaccharides

polymer with many sugars joined via covalent bonds

polysaccharides

what carbohydrate do plants store

strach

what carbohydrate do animals store

glycogen

tough substance that forms plant cell walls

cellulose

exoskeleton of arthorpods

chitin

what is the name of the bonds that connect the glucose monomers

glycosidic linkages

what are the 3 types of lipids

fat, phospholipids, steroids, cholesterol

what elements make up lipids

C, H, O

classified as alcohol

glycerol

long carbon chains with carboxyl group on the end

fatty acids

3 fatty acids join to a glycerol via a

ester linkage

single bonds between carbons in the carbon chain

saturated fatty acid

fatty acid with one or more double bonded carbon

unsaturated fatty acid

hormones that support physiological functions like growth, development, energy metabolism, and homeostasis

steroids

polymers made up of nucleotide monomers

nucleic acid

what are the 3 parts of a nucleotide base

nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group

2 types of nitrogenous bases

purines and pyrimidines

1 ring with 6 atoms

pyrimidine

1 ring with 6 atoms bonded with 1 ring with 5 atoms

purine

what group is on the 5’ side

phosphate group

what group is on the 3’ side

hydroxyl end

name of bond that links adjacent nucleotides

phosphodiester linkage

what elements make up proteins

C, H, O, N, S

molecules that have an amino group and a carboxyl group

amino acid

what do genes do

code for a protein