Unit #3 Industrial Revolution Complete Review

98 short question-answer cards covering the first phase, reactions and economic thinkers, the second phase, and all extra facts from the Unit #3 review.

[First Phase] What is an industrial revolution?

A major shift from hand and home production to machines, factories, and new power sources, changing the economy and society.

[First Phase] Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

Great Britain.

[First Phase] When did the first phase occur?

From the 1750s to the mid-1800s.

[First Phase] Which two natural resources helped industrialization begin in Britain?

Coal and iron.

[First Phase] How did rivers and harbors help Britain industrialize?

They made transportation easier.

[First Phase] How did banks and investors help industrialization?

They supplied money to build businesses and factories.

[First Phase] How did colonies help British industry?

They supplied raw materials and bought finished goods.

[First Phase] How did Britain's government help industrialization?

Its stability and support for business encouraged growth.

[First Phase] Why was Britain's large workforce important?

It supplied labor for factories.

[First Phase] What was enclosure?

Shared fields were fenced into private farms, improving efficiency but displacing small farmers.

[First Phase] What did crop rotation improve?

Soil fertility and food production.

[First Phase] What did Jethro Tull invent?

The seed drill.

[First Phase] What did the seed drill do?

It planted seeds efficiently in rows.

[First Phase] Who improved selective breeding?

Robert Bakewell.

[First Phase] What was selective breeding?

Breeding animals with desired traits to improve livestock.

[First Phase] How did the Agricultural Revolution supply factory workers?

Displaced farmers moved to cities for factory jobs.

[First Phase] How did the Agricultural Revolution increase population?

More food supported a larger population.

[First Phase] Why did population explode during industrialization?

Better food and nutrition reduced famine, increased lifespan, and lowered child deaths.

[First Phase] What later improvements further reduced deaths?

Cleaner conditions and medicine.

[First Phase] What first powered early factories?

Water power.

[First Phase] What later powered the first industrial phase?

Steam engines burning coal.

[First Phase] Who improved the steam engine?

James Watt.

[First Phase] What was Britain's first major industry?

Cotton textiles.

[First Phase] Name four key textile inventions.

The flying shuttle, spinning jenny, water frame, and power loom.

[First Phase] What was the cottage industry or putting-out system?

Families spun and wove goods at home before factories.

[First Phase] What were early industrial cities like?

Overcrowded, polluted, poorly housed, and without sanitation.

[First Phase] What disease spread in early industrial cities?

Cholera.

[First Phase] What were early factory hours and conditions?

Shifts of 12–16 hours with dangerous machines, low pay, and strict discipline.

[First Phase] Whose labor was common in early factories?

Women and children.

[First Phase] Which groups prospered during early industrialization?

Factory owners, merchants, and bankers.

[First Phase] How did successful industrialists explain their wealth?

Hard work, self-discipline, and individual effort.

[First Phase] How did many successful industrialists view poverty?

They blamed the poor for their own failings.

[First Phase] Who were the Luddites?

Skilled textile workers whose jobs were replaced by machines.

[First Phase] How did Luddites protest?

They smashed machines.

[First Phase] What was workers' best way to improve conditions?

Form labor unions.

[First Phase] What is collective bargaining?

Workers negotiate as a group with employers.

[First Phase] What is a strike?

Workers stop working to pressure employers.

[First Phase] How did governments first respond to unions?

They banned unions and put down strikes.

[First Phase] What were Britain's Combination Acts?

Laws that banned labor unions.

[First Phase] What changed for unions over time?

They were legalized and won reform laws.

[First Phase] What did Britain's Factory Act of 1833 do?

It limited child labor.

[Reactions and Thinkers] What does laissez-faire mean?

“Let it be”; government should stay out of the economy.

[Reactions and Thinkers] What did Adam Smith support?

Free markets, competition, and self-interest.

[Reactions and Thinkers] What is Adam Smith's invisible hand?

Self-interest and competition guide free markets toward prosperity.

[Reactions and Thinkers] What economic system is based on Adam Smith's ideas?

Capitalism.

[Reactions and Thinkers] What did Thomas Malthus argue?

Population grows faster than food, so poverty and misery are unavoidable.

[Reactions and Thinkers] What was David Ricardo's iron law of wages?

Wages stay near survival level because a larger labor supply pushes them down.

[Reactions and Thinkers] How did Malthus and Ricardo view aid to the poor?

They thought it was pointless.

[Reactions and Thinkers] Why was their economics called the dismal science?

It predicted unavoidable poverty and misery.

[Reactions and Thinkers] What is Jeremy Bentham's utilitarianism?

Judge actions and laws by the greatest happiness for the greatest number.

[Reactions and Thinkers] How did John Stuart Mill extend utilitarianism?

He supported government protection for workers and aid for the poor.

[Reactions and Thinkers] What other cause did John Stuart Mill support?

Women's rights.

[Reactions and Thinkers] What is socialism?

Society or government owns the factors of production for everyone's benefit.

[Reactions and Thinkers] What is a factor of production?

A resource used to produce goods, such as land, labor, or capital.

[Reactions and Thinkers] Who was Robert Owen?

A utopian socialist and factory owner who improved workers' lives.

[Reactions and Thinkers] What reforms did Owen make at New Lanark?

He raised wages, cut hours, barred young children from work, and built schools and good housing.

[Reactions and Thinkers] What did Owen's New Lanark prove?

Treating workers well could still be profitable.

[Reactions and Thinkers] Where did Owen try a utopian community?

New Harmony, Indiana.

[Reactions and Thinkers] What drives history according to Marx?

Class struggle.

[Reactions and Thinkers] Who are the bourgeoisie?

The owners of businesses and means of production.

[Reactions and Thinkers] Who are the proletariat?

Industrial workers.

[Reactions and Thinkers] What did Marx say capitalism does?

It exploits workers.

[Reactions and Thinkers] What revolution did Marx predict?

Workers would overthrow the bourgeoisie.

[Reactions and Thinkers] What society did Marx predict after revolution?

A classless society with shared ownership of the means of production.

[Reactions and Thinkers] What was the Communist Manifesto's rallying cry?

“Workers of the world, unite!”

[Second Phase] What defined the Second Industrial Revolution?

Steel, electricity, chemicals, oil, and mass production.

[Second Phase] What process made steel cheaper to produce?

The Bessemer process.

[Second Phase] What production methods enabled mass production?

Assembly lines and interchangeable parts.

[Second Phase] Where did the second phase spread?

Beyond Britain to Germany, the United States, and Japan.

[Second Phase] What type of business grew during the second phase?

Big corporations.

[Second Phase] Who developed the successful steam locomotive?

George Stephenson.

[Second Phase] Name major new transportation methods.

Railroads, steam locomotives, steamships, cars, and airplanes.

[Second Phase] What engine led to automobiles?

The internal-combustion engine.

[Second Phase] Who built the first successful airplane?

The Wright brothers.

[Second Phase] What did Louis Pasteur develop?

Germ theory, pasteurization, and a rabies vaccine.

[Second Phase] What is germ theory?

The idea that germs cause disease.

[Second Phase] What is pasteurization?

Heating food or liquid to kill harmful microbes.

[Second Phase] What did Joseph Lister introduce?

Antiseptic surgery.

[Second Phase] How did Lister reduce surgical infections?

He cleaned wounds and instruments with carbolic acid.

[Second Phase] What did Florence Nightingale found?

Modern nursing.

[Second Phase] How did Nightingale lower wartime death rates?

She cleaned and organized hospitals.

[Second Phase] How did cities improve in the second phase?

They added sewers, clean water, paved and lit streets, better housing, and health laws.

[Second Phase] How did factories improve in the second phase?

Unions became legal, hours and child labor were limited, wages rose, and safety laws passed.

[Second Phase] What social changes accompanied the second phase?

Public schools spread and the middle class grew.

[Second Phase] What is Darwin's theory of natural selection?

Organisms with useful inherited traits survive and reproduce more, so species evolve over time.

[Second Phase] What phrase summarizes natural selection?

Survival of the fittest.

[Second Phase] What is Social Darwinism?

Applying survival of the fittest to people, businesses, and nations.

[Second Phase] What did Social Darwinism justify?

Inequality, opposition to poor relief, laissez-faire, racism, and imperialism.

[Second Phase] Why did Social Darwinism emerge?

Industrial inequality and competition led the successful to seek a scientific justification for their position.

[Extras] Who developed the telegraph?

Samuel Morse.

[Extras] Who developed dynamite?

Alfred Nobel.

[Extras] Who invented the radio?

Guglielmo Marconi.

[Extras] Who invented the practical light bulb?

Thomas Edison.

[Extras] Who developed the internal-combustion engine?

Nikolaus Otto and Gottlieb Daimler.

[Extras] Give two reasons agricultural production increased.

New technology and enclosure; more efficient farming and fertilizer also helped.

[Extras] How did enclosure hurt many small farmers?

They lost land and moved to cities for factory work.

[Extras] What was a weakness of the Communist Manifesto's prediction?

The predicted worker revolution did not occur in industrial countries such as Britain.

[Extras] Why did workers not overthrow capitalism in Britain?

Unions, reform laws, and higher wages improved their lives within capitalism.