hahahah

rhabditiform esophagus

strongyloides L1

filariform esophagus

hookworms L3

bulbous worm

pinworms (oxyuridae)

double bulb

roundworm (ascaris)

stichosome

whipworms (trichuris)

comprising diverse soil-dwelling, bacterivorous, and parasitic species commonly

found in decaying organic matter and freshwater.

rhabditidae

Known for infecting slugs and snails, including P. hermaphrodita, P. neopapillosa, and

P. tawfiki.

Phasmarhabditism

These are important entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) that act as insect parasites,

with around 17 recognized species in the family Heterorhabditidae, which is closely related to Rhabditidae.

Heterorhabditis

associated with bovine parasitic otitis in South Africa

Rhabditis bovis

isolated from granuloma of a gum of a horse

Rhabditis gingivalis

occurs in small intestine of sheep, goat, cattle& rabbit

Strongyloides papillosus

the large-mouthed bowel worm, is a species of parasitic roundworms

that infects sheep, goats and other wild ruminants

Chabertia ovina

Occurs in small intestine of horse, pig, and Zebra

Strongyloides westeri

Occurs in small intestine of man, priamtes, dog & fox

Strongyloides stercoralis

Occurs in small intestine of cat

Strongyloides cati

Occurs in small intestine of pig

Strongyloides ransomi

are known as "large strongyles," characterized by migratory larval stages within the host that cause severe tissue damage, blood loss, and sometimes death.

FAMILY STRONGYLIDAE

Recognized as the most pathogenic due to larvae migrating

into the cranial mesenteric artery, causing thrombosis and severe colic.

Strongylus vulgaris

Larvae migrate through the liver and the peritoneal

tissues, forming nodules.

Strongylus edentatus

Larvae migrate to the liver and pancreas, although it is

considered less common in modern managed herds

Strongylus equinus

bloodworms/large strongyles

strongylus

threadworm

strongyloides

ps pf strongylus

cecum/colon

strongyloides

small intestine

small strongyles

cyathostomins

most prevalent, widespread internal parasite of

grazing horses worldwide. They inhabit the large intestine, causing potential weight loss, diarrhea, and severe,

sometimes fatal, colitis known as larval cyathostominosis when larvae emerge synchronously.

Cyathostomins (small strongyles)

commonly known as the swine kidney

worm, is a parasitic nematode (2–4.5 cm long) prevalent in tropical

and subtropical regions, mainly affecting outdoor-raised pigs.

Stephanurus dentatus

A gapeworm, also known as a red worm and forked worm,

is a parasitic nematode worm that infects the tracheas of certain birds. The

resulting disease, known as "gape", occurs when the worms clog and obstruct

the airway.

syngamus trachea

group of parasitic nematodes

commonly known as hookworms, which are significant pathogens in

both human and veterinary medicine, particularly in warm, moist

climates.

Family Ancylostomatidae

canine hookworm or dog hookworm

Ancylostoma caninum

Old World hookworm aka Human Hookworm. It is a

parasitic roundworm that infects the human small intestine, causing hookworm

disease, which can lead to significant iron-deficiency

Ancylostoma duodenale

commonly known as the New World hookworm. It is a

species of parasitic nematode (roundworm) that causes hookworm infections in

humans, often characterized by itching, diarrhea, and anemia

Necator americanus

is the northern hookworm of dogs. It is related to the

other hookworms of dogs.

Uncinaria stenocephala

a common cattle hookworm, causing parasitic

gastroenteritis in calves via anemia, diarrhea, and weight loss.

Bunostomum phlebotomum

blood-feeding hookworm parasite found in the

small intestine of sheep and goats, causing anemia, diarrhea, weight loss, and

occasional fatalities.

Bunostomum trigonocephalum

Bunostomum trigonocephalum cs

bottle jaw

highly pathogenic, blood-sucking hookworm that parasitizes

the small intestine of sheep and goats in Africa and Asia. It is known for causing

significant anemia and, in heavy infections, mortality.

Gaigeria pachyscelis

Known as "hairworms," these are small, reddish-brown worms found in the

abomasum and small intestine of ruminants.Known as "barber’s pole worms"

Trichostrongylus spp.

Known as "brown stomach worms" (e.g., O. ostertagi, T. circumcincta),

major causes of abomasitis in sheep and cattle in temperate climates.

Ostertagia / Teladorsagia spp.

Small intestinal worms, such as C. oncophora (cattle) and C. curticei (sheep).

Cooperia spp.:

Thread-necked worms found in the small intestine, characterized by large eggs

Nematodirus spp.

unique member of the Trichostrongylid family because it has the widest host

range of the genus, infecting the stomachs of cattle, sheep, goats, horses, and occasionally humans. In

ruminants, it is primarily found in the abomasum, while in horses, it inhabits the stomach.

Trichostrongylus axei

Stomach Hairworm or Bankrupt Worm

Trichostrongylus axei

most common species of the genus found in the small intestine of

ruminants. It is a major cause of parasitic gastroenteritis, particularly in sheep and goats, and is known for its

ability to cause severe "scouring" (diarrhea).

Trichostrongylus colubriformis

Intestinal Hairworm or Black Scour Worm.

Trichostrongylus colubriformis

Inhabits the abomasum (ruminants) or the stomach (horses). It is the only member of the genus that

commonly infects the stomach of monogastric animals.

T. axei

Inhabits the proximal small intestine (duodenum and jejunum) of ruminants. It is rarely

found in the abomasum.

T. colubriformis

Lesions: Causes "Moroccan leather" or "cobblestone" appearance of the abomasal mucosa due to tiny, circular, raised nodules

(hyperplastic gastritis).

T. colubriformis

Lesions: Causes "villous atrophy"—the flattening of the intestinal villi.

T. colubriformis (Enteritis)

widely considered the most economically devastating parasite of small ruminants

(sheep and goats) globally. It is a highly prolific blood-feeder that inhabits the abomasum.

Haemonchus contortus

The Barber’s Pole Worm (due to the red and white spiraled appearance of the female

Haemonchus contortus

is a unique and highly pathogenic nematode of the small intestine, primarily

affecting young lambs. It is distinguished from other trichostrongyles by its unusual life cycle

requirements and its "outbreak" nature.

Nematodirus battus

The Thin-necked Intestinal Worm.

Nematodirus battus

occurs in goat and sheep, rarely in cattle

Cooperia curticei

Occurs in cattle, rarely in sheep

Cooperia punctata

Cooperia pectinata

Occurs in cattle, rarely in sheep

genus of parasitic nematodes (lungworms), known for causing parasitic bronchitis or

pneumonia (dictyocaulosis) in ruminants and equids.

Family Dictyocaulidae

most important lungworm of sheep and goats. It causes parasitic bronchitis, commonly

known as "Husk" or "Hoose," leading to significant respiratory distress and production losses in small ruminants.

Dictyocaulus filaria

The Large Lungworm of sheep and goats

Dictyocaulus filaria

the most significant lungworm of cattle. It is the primary cause of parasitic bronchitis, a

condition that can lead to severe respiratory distress, secondary pneumonia, and even death in susceptible herds

Dictyocaulus viviparus

The Cattle Lungworm and The Large Lungworm of Cattle

Dictyocaulus viviparus

dictyocaulus filaria host

sheep and goats

commonly known as eyeworms due to their

tendency to inhabit the conjunctival sacs, lacrimal ducts, and tissues

disease known as animals (veterinary)

surrounding the eyes of mammals and birds

thelazidae

parasitic nematode (eyeworm) primarily affecting the conjunctival sacs, lacrimal

glands, and ducts of horses, and occasionally other animals.

Thelazia lacrymalis

parasitic nematode (eyeworm) primarily infecting the conjunctival sacs and lacrimal

ducts of cattle, buffalo, and other ruminants, causing bovine thelaziasis. Transmitted by face flies

Thelazia rhodesii

commonly known as the Manson’s eyeworm, is a parasitic nematode that infects the eyes of

poultry, including chickens, turkeys, and wild birds. It causes severe eye irritation (oxyspiruriasis), leading to

lacrimation, swelling, and potential blindness, with the Surinam cockroach serving as its intermediate host

Oxyspirura mansoni

parasitic nematode (eyeworm) that infects the eyes of poultry, with

the Surinam cockroach (Pycnoscelus surinamensis) serving as an intermediate host. These eyeworms

inhabit the lacrimal duct and conjunctival sac, causing irritation, and in severe cases, vision impairment or

secondary bacterial infections.

Oxyspirura parvorum

commonly known as the Esophageal Worm, is a highly significant spirurid nematode primarily

affecting dogs and other wild canids.

.Spirocerca lupi

esophageal worm

.Spirocerca lupi

These parasites are typically

found in the stomach wall of carnivorous mammals (definitive

hosts) and have a complex life cycle involving intermediate

hosts such as copepods, fish, amphibians, and reptiles

FAMILY GNATHOSTOMATIDAE

The Stomach Wall Worm.

Gnathostoma spinigerum

a highly pathogenic spirurid nematode that primarily affects wild and domestic felids

and canids (as final hosts

Gnathostoma spinigerum

Gnathostoma spinigerum host

cats

commonly known as Heartworm, is one of the most dangerous parasites affecting dogs and

cats globally. It is a filarial nematode that lives in the pulmonary arteries and right side of the heart, leading to

severe cardiovascular and pulmonary disease.

Dirofilaria immitis

Dirofilaria immitis ih

aedes, anopheles, culex

HARD

Heartworm Associated Respiratory Disease

As soon as the young adults (L5) arrive in the pulmonary arteries (around day 70–90),

the artery walls thicken and lose elasticity.

Vascular Endarteritis

The roughened "sandpaper" texture of the vessel walls causes blood turbulence.

This forces the right ventricle to pump against massive resistance, leading to the classic "Reverse-D" heart

shape seen on X-rays

Pulmonary Hypertension

This is a relatively "recent" discovery in veterinary parasitology. Heartworms carry an endosymbiotic bacteria called

Wolbachia pipientis.

When a heartworm dies (either naturally or via treatment), it releases massive amounts of

Wolbachia surface proteins. This triggers a severe Type I and Type III hypersensitivity reaction in the lungs, leading

to embolism and acute respiratory distress.

The "Death Trap"

This is the most severe and life-threatening manifestation. It occurs when the worm burden is so high (usually >50–

100 worms) that they physically spill over from the pulmonary arteries back into the right atrium and Vena Cava.

Mechanical Hemolysis: The worms act like a "eggbeater," physically shredding red blood cells as they pass through

the heart.

Caval Syndrome (Class 4 Heartworm)

The worms act like a "eggbeater," physically shredding red blood cells as they pass through

the heart

mechanical hemolysis

which causes Guinea worm disease in humans and

other mammals. The disease is transmitted by drinking water contaminated with copepods (water

fleas) that harbor the parasite's larvae.

dracunculiasis

commonly known as the Guinea Worm, is a tissue-dwelling nematode and one of

the oldest documented parasites in human history.

Dracunculus medinensis

The Guinea Worm or "Fiery Serpent"

Dracunculus medinensis

The Pork Worm or Muscle Worm.

Trichinella spiralis

famous for its ability to modify a host's muscle cell into a specialized

"Nurse Cell

trchinell spiralis

whipworm that inhabits

the caecum and colon of sheep, goats, cattle, and other ruminants. While typically causing minor

inflammation, heavy infections can lead to severe diarrhea, anemia, and dehydration, particularly in

young animals.

Trichuris ovis

whipworm that lives in the large intestine of canines in its adult stages.

Trichuris vulpis

commonly known as the human whipworm, is a parasitic roundworm that causes

trichuriasis, a neglected tropical disease (NTD) affecting an estimated 400–800 million people worldwide. It

is one of the major soil-transmitted helminths.

Trichuris trichiur

species of whipworm that primarily infects the cecum and upper large intestine of cats.

Trichuris serrata

thread-like parasitic nematodes that infect a wide range of

vertebrates, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and

mammals. They are often characterized by their habitat—

embedded within the tissues of the digestive tract, liver, or

urinary bladder—and for causing various forms of capillariasis

in animals and humans

capillaridae

parasitic nematode found in the small intestine of

ruminants, including cattle. While it is generally considered a parasite of low pathogenicity, it is

frequently identified during routine fecal examinations.

Aonchotheca bovis (formerly Capillaria bovis)

commonly known as the bladder worm, is a parasitic nematode

that inhabits the urinary bladder and occasionally the kidneys of dogs, cats, and wild carnivores like foxes

Capillaria plica (syn. Pearsonema plica)