Macroeconomic

Economic growth

an increase in the output of an economy and in the long run an increase in the economy’s productive potential

Actual economic growth

an increase in the output of an economy

potential economic growth

an increase in an economy’s productive capacity

aggregate demand (AD)

the total demand for a country’s product at a given price level. It consists of consumer expenditure, investment, government spending and net exports (exports - imports)

aggregate supply (AS)

the total amount of goods and services that domestic (local) firms are willing to supply at a given price level

full employment / low unemployment

the lowest level of unemployment possible

economically inactive

people of working age who are not in the labour force

economically active

being a member of the labour force

stable prices

the price level in the economy not changing significantly over time

inflation rate

the percentage rise in the price level of goods and services over time

inflation

a rise in the average price of goods and servies over time

balence of payments

the record of a country’s economic transactions with other countries

government budget

the relationship between government revenue and government spending

government budget deficit

government spending is higher than government revenue

government budget surplus

government revenue is higher than government spending

multiplier effect

the final impact on total (aggregate) demand being greater than the initial change

national debt

the total amount the government has borrowed over time

progressive tax

tax that takes larger percentage of the income or wealth of the rich

proportional tax

tax that takes the same percentage of the income or wealth of all taxpayers

regressive tax

tax that takes a larger percentage of the income or wealth of those living in poverty

fiscal policy

decisions on government spending and taxation designed to influence aggregate demand

flat taxes

taxes with a single rate

expansionary fiscal policy

rises in government expendityre and/or cuts in taxation designed to increase aggregate demand

contractionary fiscal policy

cuts in government expenditure and/or rises in taxation designed to reduce aggregate demand

foreign exchange rate

the price of one currency in terms of another currrency or currencies

monetary policy

decisions on the money supply, the rate of interest and the foreign exchange rate taken to influence aggregate demand

expansionary monetary policy

increases in the money supply and/or the rate of interest designed to increase aggregate demand

contractionary monetary policy

cuts in the money supply or growth of the money supply and/or rises in the rate of interest designed to reduce aggregate demand

supply-side policy

measures designed to increase aggregate supply

deregulation

the removal of rules and regulations