AP World History - Ultimate Guide ;)

Long-Distance Trade

Growth of trade networks connecting distant regions, emerging from the collapse of classical civilizations and interactions between new states.

Religious Mysticism

Focus on mystical experiences within religions, such as prayer and meditation, aiming to bring adherents closer to the divine.

Eightfold Path

Principles and practices in Buddhism that followers must adhere to, including moral lifestyle and meditation, to achieve enlightenment.

Filial Piety

Emphasis in Confucianism on the respect and obedience children should show towards their parents, grandparents, and ancestors.

Dharma

Rules and obligations of one's caste in Hinduism, guiding individuals towards fulfilling their duties and moving closer to Brahma.

Five Pillars of Islam

Core acts of worship and faith in Islam, including confession, prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage to Mecca.

Abbasid Caliphate

Islamic empire from 750-1258 CE, known for its Golden Age in the mid-9th century, centered in Baghdad and fostering advancements in arts, sciences, and trade.

Sufism

Branch of Islam emphasizing mystical experiences accessible to all believers, contributing to the spread and development of the faith.

House of Wisdom

Library in Baghdad during the Golden Age of Islam, preserving and translating works of Greek philosophy and science into Arabic.

Feudalism

Social, political, and economic system in medieval Europe based on allegiances between lords, monarchs, and knights, with land exchanged for loyalty and protection.

Feudalism

European hierarchy social system of Middle Ages where the king held power over the whole kingdom, nobles had power over sections of the kingdom in exchange for loyalty and military service, and vassals were lesser lords with sections of noble land.

Code of Chivalry

Regulated conflicts between lords in feudal Europe, condemning betrayal and promoting mutual respect among the nobility.

Three-field system

Agricultural innovation in feudal Europe involving the rotation of three fields for fall planting, spring planting, and leaving one empty to replenish nutrients, increasing agricultural productivity.

Magna Carta

Document signed by King John of England in 1215, reinstating the rights of English nobles and laying the foundation for the English Parliament.

Neo-Confucianism

Philosophical revival during the Song Dynasty in China, combining Confucian, Buddhist, and Daoist ideas to justify and maintain the ruling power through a hierarchical view of society.

Civil Service Exam

Examination based on Confucian classics in China, introduced during the Han Dynasty and continued in the Song Dynasty to select qualified men for bureaucratic positions, promoting a meritocratic system.

Bhakti Movement

Religious movement in South Asia encouraging worship of one god in the Hindu pantheon, rejecting the hierarchy of Hinduism, and promoting spiritual experiences for all people regardless of social status.

Sufism

Mystical and spiritual experience-based version of Islam, which made it a better candidate for spreading throughout Southeast Asia.

Syncretism

Blending of different religious beliefs or practices, as seen in the Khmer Empire where Hindu and Buddhist elements coexisted in temples like Angkor Wat.

Swahili Civilization

Collection of independent city-states on the East coast of Africa, thriving on Indian Ocean trade, where Islam became the dominant belief system and influenced the Swahili language.

Islamic Influence in African States:

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Trade in African Kingdoms:

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State Building in Mesoamerica:

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Aztec Empire:

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Inca Empire:

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Mississippian Culture:

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Mongol Empire Rise:

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Mongol Cultural Transfers:

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Mali and Songhai Empires:

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Chinese Technological Advancements:

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Global Trade Networks:

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Silk Roads

Vast network of roads and trails facilitating trade and cultural diffusion across Eurasia from 1200-1450, mainly for luxury items like Chinese silk.

Spread of Islam

Islam's merchant-friendly nature led to connectivity across land-based and sea-based trade routes, fostering trade growth.

Swahili City-States

Trading hubs importing gold, ivory, and slaves, building mosques, and taxing ships, showcasing the effects of expansion.

Diaspora

A group of people from one place establishing a home in another while retaining cultural customs, like the Chinese communities in Southeast Asia.

Caravanserai

Inns along trade routes providing safety, cultural exchange, and lodging for merchants and animals, enhancing trade comfort.

Hanseatic League

Association of over 100 cities in Northern Europe, creating a middle class and setting a precedent for large trading operations.

Cultural Diffusion

Spread of religion, language, and technology through trade routes, impacting societies and economies globally.

Ibn Battuta

Muslim scholar from Morocco who extensively traveled Dar-al-Islam, documenting cultures, rulers, and people, aiding in cross-cultural understanding.

Environmental Consequences of Connectivity

Introduction of new crops like bananas and Champa rice, and diffusion of diseases like the Bubonic Plague through trade routes.

The Renaissance

Cultural movement in Europe during the 1300s, emphasizing humanism, personal accomplishment, and a revival of arts due to increased trade and wealth influx.

Medici family

Patrons of Michelangelo and Brunelleschi, making art affordable again

Realism in art

Leonardo da Vinci and Donatello focused on realistic representations

Johannes Gutenberg

Invented the printing press in the mid-1400s, making books accessible and affordable

Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther's challenge to the Catholic Church's authority, emphasizing salvation through God

Scientific Revolution

Shift to the scientific method, with figures like Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton making significant discoveries

Deism

Belief popular in the 1700s that God created the world but does not interfere in its workings

English Commonwealth

Established after the execution of Charles I, with Oliver Cromwell as the first Lord Protector

Islamic Gunpowder Empires

Ottoman Empire, Mughal Empire, and Babur's conquest of northern India

Ming Dynasty

Restored China after the Mongol rule, known for Zheng He's explorations and Kangxi's conquests

Tokugawa Shogunate

Ruled Japan from 1600 to 1868, enforcing a strict social class model and isolationist policies

Disease

Ultimate Weapon of Mass Destruction:Smallpox brought by the Spanish decimated the Aztec and Inca populations, aiding in their conquest.

The Encomienda System

Spanish colonial system involving forced labor of Native Americans and African slaves, overseen by Viceroys.

African Slave Trade

Europeans exploited existing African slavery systems, leading to the brutal Middle Passage and the transportation of millions of slaves.

The Columbian Exchange

Transatlantic exchange of goods, diseases, and ideas between Europe, Americas, and Africa, impacting populations and economies.

The Commercial Revolution

Age of Exploration led to the rise of joint-stock companies, stock markets, and mercantilism, shaping global trade and colonialism.

The Enlightenment

17th and 18th-century movement questioning divine right, advocating for social contracts, natural rights, and tolerance, influencing governance.

American Revolution

Colonists rebelled against British rule, leading to the Declaration of Independence and the establishment of American democracy.

French Revolution

Economic hardships and social inequality in France led to the overthrow of the monarchy, establishment of a republic, and subsequent turmoil.

Industrial Revolution

Transformation of production methods, urbanization, and technological advancements, leading to social classes, labor issues, and economic changes.

Nationalist Movements

Rise of nationalism in Europe post-Napoleonic era, leading to unification in Italy and Germany, and reforms in Russia and the Ottoman Empire.

Transnational Businesses

International corporations that strengthened Europe’s economic power in Asia and Africa.

Social Darwinists

Applied natural selection to sociology, believing in dominant races or classes, such as Britain being the most powerful.

Sepoy Mutiny

Indian soldiers rebelled against British disrespect in 1857, leading to the British making all of India a crown colony.

Opium Wars

British traders brought Opium to China, leading to conflicts and the Treaty of Nanjing giving Britain trade rights.

Boxer Rebellion

Chinese peasant nationalists rebelled against foreign influence, leading to the Boxer Protocol and weakening of Chinese culture.

Monroe Doctrine

US policy declaring the Western Hemisphere off-limits to Europeans in 1823.

Treaty of Versailles

Signed in 1919, ending WWI with Germany facing war reparations and territorial losses.

Five-Year Plans

Stalin's strategy of collectivization and industrialization in the USSR, relying on totalitarianism.

Fascism

Ideology aiming to unify society through extreme nationalism, seen in Italy under Mussolini and Germany under Hitler.

Third Reich

Adolf Hitler's fascist rule in Germany after seizing control of the government in the 1930s.

Appeasement

Policy of making concessions to an aggressor to avoid conflict, exemplified by the Munich Conference of 1938 with Hitler, Mussolini, and Neville Chamberlain.

Nazi-Soviet Pact

Agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union to divide Europe's land and stay out of each other's countries, signed before Germany invaded Poland in 1939.

Blitzkrieg

Lightning warfare technique used by Hitler's Germany, characterized by quick and overwhelming attacks to gain control rapidly, as seen in the invasion of Poland.

Truman Doctrine

Policy announced in 1947 by the US to provide aid to countries threatened by communism, leading to the formation of the military alliance NATO.

Iron Curtain

Term describing the ideological and physical division between Western and Eastern Europe during the Cold War, symbolized by the Berlin Wall.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Standoff in 1962 between the US and the Soviet Union over the placement of nuclear missiles in Cuba, nearly resulting in nuclear war.

Tiananmen Square Massacre

Violent suppression of pro-democracy protests in China in 1989, where hundreds of demonstrators were killed by government troops.

Solidarity Movement

Worker-led movement in Poland under Lech Walesa, advocating for reform of the communist economic system, eventually leading to the fall of communism in 1990.

Berlin Wall

Barrier constructed by East Germany in 1961 to prevent East Berliners from fleeing to West Berlin, symbolizing the division between East and West during the Cold War.

Apartheid

System of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa, established in 1910 and enforced through laws like the South Africa Act.

Apartheid in South Africa

System of racial separation established in 1948, forcing Black people into slums and restricting them from certain occupations.

Creation of Modern Israel

Resulted from Jewish migration to Palestine, Balfour Declaration of 1917, and the establishment of two separate states for Jews and Muslims in 1948.

Iranian Revolution

Overthrew the Shah in 1979, leading to a theocracy under Ayatollah Khomeini, reversing human rights advancements and introducing Islamic law.

Israel-Palestine Conflict

Ongoing struggle since 1948, involving wars, peace agreements, and the construction of barriers, with no significant advancements towards a resolution.

Globalization

Post-WWII era marked by the formation of international organizations like NATO, UN, and ICC, aiming to maintain security and provide aid globally.

War in the Gulf

Persian Gulf War in 1991 and the 2003 invasion of Iraq to oust Saddam Hussein, leading to the formation of a democratic government in 2005.

Rise of China and India

China's economic growth through special economic zones and India's tech industry development, both becoming nuclear powers with global influence.

Global Trade Organizations

GATT evolved into the WTO, G6/G7/G8/G20 forums for economic cooperation among major nations, and the formation of NAFTA and the EU for trade unity.