Kinesiology Neuroscience Unit

Central Nervous System (Elements)

Brain; Spinal Cord; Retina

Brain (Elements)

Cerebrum; Diencephon; Brainstem; Cerebellum

Spinal Cord (Elements)

Cervical; Therasic; Lumbar; Sacral

White Matter (Elements)

High in protein; bundles of axons - tracts

Gray Outside and White Inside

Brain

Saggital Plane

Splits the middle from left to rightornoaC

Cornal or Frontal Plane

Front to Back

Horizontal Plane

Top to Bottom

Rostal/Anterior Plane

Toward the nose

Caudal/Posterior Plane

Toward the Tail

Dorsal/Superior Plane

Toward the back or top

Ventral/Inferior Plane

Toward the belly or bottom

Medial Plane

Toward the middle

Lateral Plane

Away from the mideline

Precentral Gyrus

Primary Motor cortex

Postcentral Gyrus

Primary Sensory cortex

Two Hemispheres are connected…

The hemispheres are joined by the corpus callous - a thick bundle of white matter carrying signals from one side to the other

Brainstem

The stalk that connects the brain to the spinal cord - and the route that every descending motor commands has to take

3 parts of the Brainstem

Midbrain; Pons; Medulla Oblongata

Functions of the brainstem

Involuntary control

Cranial Nerves

12 pairs of nerves leaves the underside pf the brain and brainstem

Olfactory Nerve

Smell

Optic Nerve

Vision

Oculomotor

Eye movement

Trochlear Nerve

Hearing

Trigeminal Nerve

Chewing and facial sensation

Abducen Nerve

Eye

Facial Nerve

face expression and taste

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Hearing

Glosspharyngeal nerve

Taste and swallowing

Vagus Nerve

heart, lungs, and gut

Accessory Nerve

Neck and shoulders

Hypoglossal nerve

tongue

3 lobes of the cerebellum

Anterior; Posterior; Flocculonodular

Functions of the cerebellum

Muscle coordination, balance and posture, motor learning, cognition and emotion

brain border control

tight conjunction between capillary cells that let very little through

Ventricular System

4 fluid filled spaces; cerebellum fluid is made here; circulates around the brain and the cord

ventricles are filled with what kind of fluid?

cerebrospinal fluid

cerebrospinal fluid

nourishment and protection of the brain

Lou Gehrig’s Disease

Nuerodegenerative disease, spreads from the legs up, death within 2 years of the diagnosis, motoneurons in the spinal cord and brainstem die

Dendrites

receives most inputs from neurons makes up the most of the cells surface area (80-95% in some cells)

High branched

Soma - the integrator

5-15% of the cells surface area control center off the neuron, houses the genetic material in the nucleus, adds up all the input arriving from dendrites

Axons - The conductor

a long cable-like extension of the neuron

2 ways to increase conduction electricity

bundled into tracts in the CNS and bundles into nerves in the PNS

Myelin - The insulation

a fatty sheath wrapped around an axon, made by glial cells, It insulates the axon and makes the signal travel much faster

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

autoimmune disease; the immune system attacks and destroys the myelin in the CNS - Oligodendrocytes

Signals through CNS become slow or fail

Symptoms come and go

Affects many systems

Axon Terminals - The outputs

Converts the electrical signal into chemical messenger

Releases nuerotransmitters

Unipolar Neurons

Spinal Sensory Neurons (Dorsal root ganglion)

Pyramidal Neurons

Corticospinal neuron (cortex)

Multipolar Neuron

Motoneuron (spinal cord/ brainstem)

Bipolar Neuron

Retinal ganglion cell (retina)

Purkinje Neuron

Purkinje (Cerebellium)