unit 12 - immunopathology and autoimmune diseases in the oral cavity NOT DONE

what are the two types of immune response

• innate immune response

• adaptative immune response

What are the components of the innate immune response (5)

• epithelial cells

• AOC

• immune cells

• serum proteins

• inflammatory cytokines

Which epithelial cells are listed as components of the innate immune response?

SSE-K/NK cells

Which antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are listed as components of innate immunity?

Dendritic cells, including Langerhans cells.

Which white blood cells are listed as components of innate immunity? (immune cells)

Neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells and mast cells

Which serum proteins are listed as components of innate immunity?

The complement system.

Which signalling molecules are listed as components of innate immunity?

Inflammatory cytokines.

What are the two main components of adaptive immunity?

Humoral immunity and cellular immunity.

Which cells are responsible for humoral immunity?

B lymphocytes (B cells), which mature into plasma cells that synthesise antibodies.

What do plasma cells produce during the humoral immune response?

Antibodies (Ab).

Which cells are responsible for cellular immunity?

T lymphocytes (T cells).

What is the role of CD4+ helper T lymphocytes in adaptive immunity?

They help organise the immune response.

What is the role of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in adaptive immunity?

They carry out cytotoxic immune responses.

Which T lymphocytes regulate the immune response?

Regulatory T lymphocytes.

is innate immune response non-specific or specific

nonspecific

is innate immune response fast or slow

fast

is adaptive immune response specific or non-specific

specific

is the adaptive immune response slow or fast response

slow (4-14 days)

Innate immune response

What recognises molecular patterns in the innate immune response?

Epithelial cells or Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs).

Innate immune response

What two types of signals do epithelial cells or APCs recognise?

Molecular patterns associated with pathogenic microorganisms (PAMPs) or damage signals (DAMPS).

Innate immune response

name the PRRs (3)

R- of TLR type (Toll-like receptor); R- type NLR (NOD-like receptor or inflammasomes); RIG-like receptor

Innate immune response

What happens once microbial antigens are taken up and processed by antigen-presenting cells?

Peptide fragments are presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or class II molecules.

Innate immune response

What are MHC class I and class II molecules called in humans?

HLA-I and HLA-II.

Innate immune response

To which cells are peptide fragments presented?

T lymphocytes.

Innate immune response

What do T lymphocytes do after peptide fragments are presented to them?

Orchestrate the immune response.

Innate immune response

• true or false

• nonspecific and fast

true

Adaptative immune response

What are the two types of adaptive immune response?

Humoral immune response and cellular immune response.

Adaptative immune response

Which pathogens is the humoral immune response especially for?

Extracellular pathogens.

Adaptative immune response

What type of immunity is the humoral immune response?

Antibodies-mediated immunity: B-lymphocytes.

Adaptative immune response

• humoral

How are naïve B cells (BLs) stimulated?

By presenting them with Ag from microorganisms (directly from APC, macrophage or TL-helper).

Adaptative immune response

• humoral

What happens to naïve B cells (BLs) after stimulation?

They are transformed into two clones.

Adaptative immune response

• humoral

what does the BL change into two - what are the two clones

• plasma cell

• memory cell

Adaptative immune response

• humoral

What does one BL clone mature into?

Plasma cells to synthesize Ab (IgM, IgG, IgA...).

Adaptative immune response

• humoral

What does the other BL clone become?

Another BL memory clone.

Adaptative immune response

• cellular

Which pathogens is the cellular immune response especially for?

Intracellular pathogens.

Adaptative immune response

• cellular

What type of immunity is the cellular immune response?

Cell-mediated immunity: T-lymphocytes.

Adaptative immune response

• cellular

How are the TL (virgins) stimulated?

By presenting them with Ag of microorganisms (by APC, macrophage or BL).

Adaptative immune response

• cellular

Which cells can present Ag of microorganisms to the TL (virgins)?

APC, macrophage or BL.

Adaptative immune response

• cellular

What can the TL transform into?

TL-helper (CD4+) or cytotoxic TL (CD8+).

Adaptative immune response

• cellular

What do TL-helper (CD4+) do?

Organize the immune response, calling different immune effector cells.

Adaptative immune response

• cellular

Which immune effector cells are listed

PMN neutrophils, PMN eosinophils and BL

Adaptative immune response

what is another outcome of TL stimulation

Cytotoxic TL (CD8+).

Adaptative immune response

true or false

it is slow and specific

true

What does a B cell differentiate into?

Plasma cells and memory B cells.

What do plasma cells do?

Secrete antibodies that defend against extracellular pathogens.

What does a helper T cell differentiate into

Memory helper T cells.

What does a cytotoxic T cell differentiate into?

Memory cytotoxic T cells and active cytotoxic T cells.

What do active cytotoxic T cells defend against?

Infected cells, cancers and transplant tissues.