Comprehensive Reviewer: Communication, Social Sciences, Mathematics, and Chemistry

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering communication theories, social identity, Philippine history, applied mathematics, and chemical principles.

Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT)

A communication theory introduced by Howard Giles in the early 1970s (originally called Speech Accommodation Theory) explaining how individuals adjust their verbal and non-verbal communication styles depending on the people with whom they interact.

Convergence

In Communication Accommodation Theory, the strategy of adapting one's communication style to become more similar to the listener in order to build connection, trust, or rapport.

Divergence

In Communication Accommodation Theory, the strategy of emphasizing linguistic or stylistic differences to maintain group identity, professional role, or social distinction.

High-Context Communication

A cultural communication framework identified by Edward T. Hall (1976) where meaning is largely embedded in implied context, interpersonal relationships, tone, and nonverbal cues rather than explicit wording.

Low-Context Communication

A communication style defined by Edward T. Hall (1976) characterized by direct, explicit, and literal messaging where information is embedded clearly in the verbal code.

Assertive Communication

A communication style identified by Alberti & Emmons (2017) wherein an individual clearly and honestly expresses personal thoughts, feelings, and boundaries while fully respecting the rights and perspectives of others.

Media Framing

A media construction technique that provides a cognitive shortcut by establishing boundaries around an issue, highlighting specific details, and omitting others to influence audience interpretation.

Explicit Messaging

The surface-level denotation of a media text, encompassing direct, factual, and literal statements describing what is actually said or shown.

Implicit Messaging

The subtextual connotation of a media text, relying on emotional tone, symbolic suggestions, and cultural codes that audiences understand intuitively.

A.I.S.A. Framework

A structural model for advocacy speeches consisting of four progressive stages: Attention (hooking the audience), Importance (establishing the need using logos), Solution (presenting a specific plan), and Action (issuing a direct call to action).

People-First Language

An ethical and inclusive linguistic practice that places the person before their disability, medical condition, or social descriptor (e.g., 'student with disability' rather than 'disabled student') to preserve human dignity.

Self-Concept

The multidimensional mental image and understanding an individual holds about themselves, directly answering the fundamental question 'Who am I?'

Self-Esteem

The subjective evaluation of one's own worth, reflecting the degree to which an individual values, approves of, and appreciates themselves.

Self-Identity

The unique set of personal characteristics, social roles, talents, interests, and aspirations that distinguish an individual within their community.

H.O.M.E. Strategy

A four-step interpersonal conflict management model standing for Hear (listening patiently), Own (acknowledging personal responsibility), Make (proposing a fair solution), and Empower (protecting the long-term relationship).

Emotional Wellness

The capacity to accurately identify, experience, and regulate one's emotions constructively rather than reacting impulsively or suppressing feelings.

I-Message Formula

A non-blaming communication script structured as: 'I feel [emotion] when [situation] because [reason/impact]. I need/request [action or solution].'

Pakikipagkapwa

A foundational Filipino socio-philosophical concept denoting shared identity and treating others not as outsiders (ibang tao) but as fellow human beings (kapwa) possessing equal dignity.

Bayanihan

A core Filipino communal cultural value signifying selfless cooperation and collective mutual assistance toward a shared community goal without expecting payment or return.

Pakikibaka

The collective and active resistance of the Filipino people using weapons, literary works, or diplomatic advocacy to combat colonial and social oppression.

Polo y Servicio

A Spanish colonial labor policy mandating compulsory physical work from native Filipino males, which generated widespread social suffering and sparked indigenous revolts.

GOMBURZA Execution

The execution of Filipino secular priests Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora by garrote on February 17, 1872, which served as a primary catalyst for the radicalization of the Philippine national movement.

Katipunan (KKK)

A revolutionary mass organization founded by Andres Bonifacio on July 7, 1892, established to attain total national independence from Spain through armed revolution.

Kilusang Propaganda

A peaceful reform movement organized by Filipino intellectuals (Ilustrados) such as Jose Rizal between 1872 and 1892 to demand political assimilation, representation, and civil rights through literature.

Inquilino

A tenant farmer who leased and managed agricultural land under the Spanish colonial hacienda system, subleasing parcels to laborers while bearing the burdens of rent.

Remontados

Indigenous Filipinos who resisted Spanish colonial authority by fleeing to mountainous hinterlands to escape forced church-town resettlement (reduccion) and taxation.

Volume of a Cylinder

The total interior space enclosed by a cylinder, determined by multiplying the circular base area by the vertical height: $V = \pi r^2 h$.

The One-Third Rule

The geometric principle establishing that the volume of a cone ($V = \frac{1}{3}\pi r^2 h$) or pyramid ($V = \frac{1}{3}Bh$) is exactly one-third the volume of a cylinder or prism possessing matching base and height dimensions.

Map Scale

A mathematical ratio indicating the proportional relationship between a distance measured on a representation (map or architectural blueprint) and the corresponding ground distance in reality.

The Spread

The mathematical difference between the buying rate and selling rate established by financial institutions during foreign currency conversions to generate profit.

Piecewise Function

A mathematical function defined by multiple sub-functions, each corresponding to a specific interval or subset of the function's overall domain.

Interval Level of Measurement

A quantitative measurement scale where the differences between numeric values are equal and meaningful, but where no true, absolute zero point exists (e.g., calendar years or temperature scales).

Standard Deviation

A statistical metric of variability that quantifies the typical numerical dispersion or spread of individual data points away from their distribution mean.

Relative Atomic Mass (RAM)

A dimensionless comparison value expressing how heavy an atom is relative to the Carbon-12 reference standard, which is assigned an exact value of $12$.

Average Atomic Mass (AAM)

The weighted average mass of an element's naturally occurring isotopes expressed in atomic mass units ($\text{amu}$), computed using the equation: $\text{AAM} = (m_1 \times f_1) + (m_2 \times f_2) + \dots$.

Percent Composition

The percentage by mass contributed by each constituent element to the total mass of a chemical compound, calculated as: $\left(\frac{\text{Mass of Element in Compound}}{\text{Molar Mass of Compound}}\right) \times 100\%$.

Empirical Formula

A chemical formula that conveys the simplest whole-number ratio of the different atoms constituting a compound, rather than the absolute number of atoms.

Molecular Formula

A chemical representation specifying the actual, exact number of atoms of each element bonded together in a molecule, expressed as an integer multiple of the empirical formula: $\text{Molecular Formula} = (\text{Empirical Formula}) \times n$.

Octet Rule

The fundamental chemical guideline stating that main-group atoms tend to bond in ways that leave them with a full outer valence shell containing eight electrons, thereby attaining noble-gas stability.

Ionic Bonding

A chemical linkage formed through the complete transfer of valence electrons from a metal atom (which forms a positively charged cation) to a nonmetal atom (which forms a negatively charged anion).

Covalent Bonding

A chemical linkage formed when two nonmetal atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons to achieve completed electron shells without full electron transfer.

VSEPR Theory

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory; an electrostatic model positing that electron pairs surrounding a central atom orient themselves spatially to minimize mutual repulsion and determine three-dimensional molecular geometry.

Lone Pair

A pair of valence electrons localized on a single atom that does not participate in chemical bonding, exerting stronger repulsive forces on neighboring electron pairs than bonding pairs do.

Electronegativity

A chemical property reflecting the intrinsic capacity of an atom within a covalent bond to attract shared electron pairs toward its own nucleus.

Binary Acid

An inorganic acid composed of hydrogen covalently bonded to a single nonmetallic element, traditionally named with the prefix 'hydro-', the stem of the nonmetal, and the suffix '-ic acid' (e.g., $\text{HCl}$ is hydrochloric acid).

Oxyacid

A hydrogen-bearing acid containing a polyatomic oxyanion, named by converting anion suffixes from '-ate' to '-ic acid' or from '-ite' to '-ous acid' without utilizing the prefix 'hydro-'.