49B Essential Elements of Adaptive

Exam 2

what is adaptive immunity

highly specific, memory based

what is adaptive immunity mediated by

B and T lymphocytes

What does adaptive immunity require

antigen presentation

what is an antigen

a molecule capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing an adaptive immune response

what can antigens interact with

the producs of the response (antibodies, etc)

what types of molecules are antigens

proteins, nucleoproteins, polysaccharides, lipoprotein, and some glycolipids

what makes a good antigen

size

complexitiy

stability

foreigness

what are non microbial antigens

allergens

blood groups

what is required for antigen presentatuon to t lympocytes by other cells

MHC molecules

when is MHC important with antigens

in transplants

how does the MHC work in transplants

recipient generates an adaptive immune response to foreign MHC molecules expressed by the donor organ/tissue

when are MHC molecules antigenic

in the transplant

what recognizes antigens free in solution

B- cells

how do t cells find antigens

presented to them by another cell

how do antigens interact with specific b lympocytes

recognized by the b cell receptor on b cells

how do antigens interact with antibodies

the antigen that induced a response will be recognized by the antibody the response generated

how do antigens interact with specific t lymphocytes

by the t cell receptor

what are epitopes

antigenic determinants

where are epitopes found

the portion of the larger immunogenicity molecules that actually binds BCR or TCR

how many epitopes can an antigen have

several different ones

what structures can protein epitopes have

primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary

how can protein epitopes be conformational

the immune response are dependent on recognizing the proteins in their native or conformation state

how do protein epitopes lose their immunogenecity

when the structures are changed by denaturing or degradation

why can antibodies generated against an epitope on one antigen react with an unrelated antigen

identical or similar epitopes can be found on unrelated antigenic molecules

why are epitopes and cross reacting antibodies important

diagnostics

autoimmune reaction

vaccines

how are cross reacting antibodies and autoimmune reactions linked

sometimes microbial epitopes are similar to the animals own tissue epitopes

immune mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA)

what are haptens

small molecules that by themselves are not capable of genertaing an immune response

when can a hapten generate an immune response

when the hapten binds to a larger molecules or cell, then the adaptive immune system can see the hapten as foreign and react to it

what happens once an antibody is generated against a hapten

the hapten can be bound to an antibody by itself without the help of a larger molecule

what is the definition of antigen

foreign molecular structure that can initiate an adaptive immune response

what is the function of an antigen

initiate the adaptive immune resposne

what are 3 examples of antigens

vacteria

virus

allergens

what is the definition of epitope

portion of the antigen that binds with antibody, the BCR or TCR

what is the function of an antigen

recognition

what are 3 examples of cross reacting antibodies

diagnostic

autoimmune response

vaccine