Intro to Communication Disorders Midterm prep- Ashlee's breakdown

Made with recording/transcript from Genio notes of Ashlee's breakdown

Functions of the Larynx

1. Protects the airway

2. Involved in phonation

Anatomy Vs. Physiology

• Anatomy: The study of structures of the body and their relationships to each other

• Physiology: The study of functions of bodily structures

What are Adduction and Abduction?

When does each happen?

• Adduction: Vocal folds close

-Happens during phonation

• Abduction: Vocal folds open

-Happens during respiration

Difference between Incidence and Prevalence

• Incidence: rate at which a disorder appears in the normal population over a period of time

• Prevalence: estimated # of individuals diagnosed with a particular disorder, disability, or disease at a given time in a region/country

What’s considered a True Word?

1. Used constantly by child in various contexts

2. Recognizably close to an adult’s pronunciation of word

3. Uttered with a clear intention and purpose

Difference between a Phoneme and a Morpheme

• Phoneme: Contrastive speech sound, rather than a unit of meaning

• Morpheme: The smallest meaningful unit of language: A root word, prefix, or suffix can be a morpheme (Dogs has 2, Dog + plural s)

(Specifically what infancy stage involves talking?????????????)

Cultural Competence

Given the wide range of languages and cultures in the United States, it is necessary for an SLP to be familiar with and develop some functional level of understanding and appreciation of the culture of their clients.

What you need to be a certified SLP

1. Masters degree

2. Clinical fellowship year

3. Pass Praxis exam

Holophrastic Language

When a child uses a single word or phrase to express complex ideas or a complete thought.

4 Primary Types of Articulation Errors (SODA)

1. Substitution: replacing a sound ("wabbit" for "rabbit")

2. Omission: leaving one out ("ca" for "cat")

3. Distortion: an inaccurate sound, such as a lateral /s/

4. Addition: inserting a sound ("buhlue" for "blue")

Behavioral Theory Vs. Nativist Theory

• Behavioral - Language is primarily acquired through operant conditioning and reinforcement techniques (B.F. Skinner)

• Nativist - Humans are biologically wired to acquire language from birth

Speech characteristics for children with Apraxia

1. Inconsistent errors

2. Limited sound repertoires: only say specifics sounds

3. Inappropriate prosody

Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

1. Restricted. Repetitive behaviors

2. Impairment in social communication and interactions

3. Symptoms that impair everyday function

“African American English does NOT have any verbal difference as compared to other English languages

How to classify consonants (What does voice vs. voiceless mean?)

Language learning disability

How a language Learning Disability is diagnosed

An impairment which typically begins as a Speech Language Impairment, (SLI) for children, until school testing shows the presence of a learning disability.

Developmental milestones

• 12 Months: First meaningful words

• 18 Months: 50 words Approximately

• 24 months: Children typically combine words, such as “more juice”

• 36 Months: Children generally use longer utterances

• 11-12 years old: Acquire figurative language

What communication disorders can impact

Speech, language, and hearing

Language delays in children

Some children catch up, while others have continuing difficulties. It is false that all children catch up without intervention.

Evidence based practice components

1. Research Studies

2. Client Preferences

3. Clinician Expertise

What Speech, language, and hearing disorders are

• Speech Disorder: Atypical production of speech sounds, interruption in the flow of speak or abnormal production and/or absence of voice

• Language Disorder: Content Impairment in comprehension and/ or use of spoken, written, and/or other symbol systems

• Hearing disorder: Impaired sensitivity of the auditory system

Development of Normal Communication

1. Anatomy and physiology of the speech systems

2. Neurological development

3. Sufficient social interaction for infants and children

Boyle’s Law

1. Air will always flow from areas of high
   to low pressure

2. Air pressure needs to be equal inside
   and outside of the lungs

3. As air pressure in the lungs decreases,
   air enters the lungs to equalize the
   pressure (inspiration)

4. As air pressure in the lungs increases,
   air flows out of the lungs to equalize
   pressure (expiration)

Infancy Stage of Development- all of these are involved in the infancy stage of development EXCEPT

1. Babbling

2. Jargon

3. Cooing

NO true words

Telegraphic Speech

a simplified way of speaking where only essential content words-like nouns, verbs, and adjectives-are used, while small grammatical words and endings are left Ex: " want a cookie," a child says “Want cookie".

Systems

• Articulation System- Teeth, tongue, lips, etc.

• Phonation System - Larynx, Vocal folds, etc.

• Respiratory System- Lungs, Bronchi, Bronchial Tube, etc.

• Neurological System- Cranial nerves

Disorders- Matching Fluency: Repetition of sounds, syllables, or words Voice Articulation Receptive Language Expressive language Social Skills Hearing Loss