Health and healing week 7

What are the characteristics of concurrent disorders?

More severe symptoms, more crises, and longer treatment required for successful outcomes.

What disorders can be associated with alcohol dependence?

Other substance abuse, mood and anxiety disorders, and paranoid, histrionic, and antisocial personality disorders.

How does alcohol affect the brain?

Alcohol is a neurotoxin that can directly and indirectly affect brain cells.

How quickly does alcohol reach the brain?

It enters the bloodstream immediately and reaches the brain within five minutes of drinking.

What personality disorders can be associated with drug use?

Antisocial and borderline personality disorders.

What disorder is alcoholism and polydrug abuse generally associated with?

Schizophrenia.

What disorders are significantly associated with drug dependence?

Generalized anxiety disorders and mood disorders.

What percentage of Canadians over age 15 used alcohol (Health Canada, 2011)?

78%.

Which age group has higher drug use rates: youth or older adults?

Youth aged 15–24 have higher drug use rates than adults aged 25 and older.

How was binge drinking among Canadian men ranked globally in the lecture?

Highest in the world.

Which groups have the highest rates of alcohol dependence according to the lecture?

Single people, men, young people, Caucasians, residents of Aboriginal communities, and people who are poor.

What family-related factors increase youth risk for dependence?

Alcohol or other drug problems among family members and family conflicts or chaos.

What school-related factor increases youth risk for dependence?

Poor school performance.

What economic factor increases youth risk for dependence?

Poverty.

What social factors increase youth risk for dependence?

Peers who use substances and not fitting in socially.

What personal experiences increase youth risk for dependence?

Stress, emotional/physical/sexual abuse, discrimination, oppression, and bullying.

What adult relationship can protect youth from substance dependence?

A positive adult role model, such as a parent, relative, or teacher.

How can caregiver involvement protect youth from dependence?

Good parental or caregiver supervision.

What relationships can protect youth from dependence?

Strong attachment to family, school, and community.

How can personal aspirations protect youth from dependence?

Having goals and dreams.

What activities can protect youth from dependence?

Meaningful, well-supervised activities such as sports, music, and volunteering.

What is substance dependence?

A condition where a person loses the ability to choose whether to use a substance.

What can happen when a dependent person stops using a substance?

Withdrawal symptoms may occur.

What are the two types of substance dependence?

Psychological and physical dependence.

What is substance tolerance?

A physiological response in which reaction to a substance decreases with repeated exposure.

How does tolerance affect substance use?

The person needs more of the substance to achieve the same effect.

What is a primary symptom of substance dependence?

Denial.

What are signs of denial related to substance dependence?

Lying, minimizing use, blaming, rationalizing, changing the subject, using anger or humour, and agreeing to change without changing behaviour.

What does minimizing substance use mean?

Downplaying how much or how often a person uses substances.

What does "going with the flow" mean in substance dependence denial?

Agreeing there is a problem and promising change without actually changing behaviour.

What areas of life can substance dependence affect?

Physical health, brain function, emotional well-being, finances, work, and social relationships.

What determines the effects of substance dependence?

The nature of the problem and the individual.

What family consequence can result from severe, long-lasting dependence?

Family breakdown.

What employment consequence can result from severe, long-lasting dependence?

Unemployment.

What housing consequence can result from severe, long-lasting dependence?

Homelessness.

What legal consequence can result from severe, long-lasting dependence?

Imprisonment.

What health consequences can result from severe, long-lasting dependence?

Permanent health damage or death through overdose or suicide.

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)?

A complex neurobiological and developmental disability with no single known cause.

When does Autism Spectrum Disorder usually appear?

During the first three years of life.

What was the reported incidence of ASD in Canada according to the 2013 Autism Society of Canada?

1 in 83.

Why do people with ASD experience social interaction and communication difficulties?

Abnormal development of the brain.

What determines the range and severity of ASD symptoms?

Communication impairments and stereotypical behaviours.

What early signs of ASD may appear during infancy?

Reduced eye contact, lack of response to their name, or indifference to caregivers.

How might ASD develop in some children after initially normal development?

They may become withdrawn or aggressive or lose previously acquired language skills.

What communication difficulties should be assessed in ASD?

Language and communication difficulties.

What language behaviour may be assessed in ASD?

Repetitive use of language.

What changes in facial communication may occur with ASD?

Decreased eye contact and facial expression.

How can ASD affect social interaction?

Reduced interaction with the world around them.

How may a child with ASD respond to affection?

They may show indifference to affection.

How can ASD affect friendship development?

The child may fail to develop friendships.

How can ASD affect sharing experiences with others?

Difficulty sharing enjoyment, interests, or achievements.

What tools are used to assess ASD?

Multiple screening tools.

What is ADHD characterized by?

An inappropriate degree of inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity.

What environmental factors may be associated with ADHD?

Potential exposure to cigarette smoking and alcohol during pregnancy, high lead exposure, and brain injuries.

What potential association exists between smoking or alcohol use during pregnancy and ADHD?

The lecture identifies a possible link.

What potential association exists between lead exposure and ADHD?

Preschoolers exposed to high lead levels may have a higher risk of developing ADHD.

Where might lead sometimes be found?

In old buildings.

Is sugar or food additives proven to cause ADHD?

No; the lecture states research has not shown a link.

What are the main symptoms of ADHD?

Difficulty focusing, paying attention, controlling behaviour, and hyperactivity.

How can ADHD affect school performance?

It can make it difficult for a child to succeed in school.

How can ADHD affect relationships?

It can make it difficult to get along with other children or adults.

How can ADHD affect tasks at home?

It can make completing tasks difficult.

What is used for the first assessment of ADHD?

Screening instruments.

What type of evaluation is used to diagnose ADHD comprehensively?

A comprehensive, multidisciplinary diagnostic evaluation.

What areas are assessed during an ADHD evaluation?

Cognitive level, language level, and adaptive behaviour.

What is adaptive behaviour?

Age-appropriate daily living skills, such as eating, dressing, and toileting.

What additional tests may be included in an ADHD evaluation?

Brain imaging, genetic tests, and memory, problem-solving, or language testing.

What are the aims of ADHD care and treatment?

Decrease symptoms and increase functioning.

How do stimulants help treat ADHD?

They activate brain circuits supporting attention and focused behaviour, reducing hyperactivity.

How may antipsychotics help with behavioural symptoms?

They may reduce aggression, behavioural problems, repetitive behaviours, hyperactivity, and attention problems.

How may antidepressants help with behavioural symptoms?

They may reduce repetitive behaviours, aggression, and anxiety.

What non-medication treatments may be used for ADHD?

Psychotherapy, education, and training.

How may ADHD be treated?

With medication, psychotherapy, education and training, or a combination of treatments.

Which stimulant medication is sold under the brand Evekeo?

Amphetamine sulfate.

Which brands contain dextroamphetamine?

Adderall, Adderall XR, Dexedrine, ProCentra, and Zenzedi.

Which brands contain dexmethylphenidate?

Focalin and Focalin XR.

What is the brand name for lisdexamfetamine?

Vyvanse.

Which brands contain methylphenidate?

Concerta, Daytrana, Metadate CD, Metadate ER, Methylin, Methylin ER, Ritalin, Ritalin SR, Ritalin LA, and Quillivant XR.

What mood symptoms characterize Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?

Angry and irritable mood.

What behaviours characterize ODD?

Defiant and vindictive behaviour.

What social difficulties may occur with ODD?

Difficulties with social interactions.

How can ODD affect relationships with authority figures?

It can cause conflicts with authority figures.

How can ODD affect school performance?

It can cause academic problems.

How is ODD treated?

Therapy, training to improve positive family interactions and behaviour management, and possibly medication for related mental health conditions.

What characterizes Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED)?

Inability to control aggressive impulses.

How can IED affect interpersonal relationships?

It can cause relationship problems.

How can IED affect employment?

It can cause occupational difficulties.

How can IED lead to legal problems?

It can result in criminal difficulties.

How is IED treated?

Medication and psychotherapy to help control aggressive impulses.

What characterizes Conduct Disorder?

Abnormally aggressive behaviour that violates others' rights and disregards societal norms or rules.

What conditions may coexist with Conduct Disorder?

Mood disorders, anxiety, PTSD, substance-related disorders, ADHD, dyslexia, and thought disorders.

How can Conduct Disorder affect academic achievement?

It may cause academic failure, school suspensions, and dropping out.

What other complications can occur with Conduct Disorder?

Juvenile delinquency, drug and alcohol abuse, and juvenile court involvement.

Why is Conduct Disorder challenging to treat?

Treatment is complex, challenging, and long-term.

What therapies may be used to treat Conduct Disorder?

Behaviour therapy and psychotherapy.

What type of treatment program may help with Conduct Disorder?

Home-based treatment programs.

What other treatment may be used for Conduct Disorder?

Medication.

What is Family-Based (Maudsley) Therapy?

Intensive outpatient treatment involving parents as active, positive participants in recovery.

How are parents viewed in Maudsley Therapy?

As a resource essential to successful treatment.

What is required of parents during Maudsley Therapy?

Substantial commitment.