micro

this is a broad term for any use of chemicals or drugs to treat disease

chemotherapy

this is used to target infectious microorganisms

antimicrobial drugs

antimicrobial drugs target infectious microorganisms by

destroying/interfering with microbial structures and enzymes. and also by killing microbial cells or inhibiting their growth.

for many years ______ herbalist have used many different species of plants for the treatment of a wide variety of human ailments

Chinese

a physical or mental disorder, illness, or health problem—most commonly a minor, temporary, or chronic condition that causes discomfort rather than a severe or life-threatening disease

aliment

how much of the world still relies on plant derived medicines

80 percent

when was Compound 606 founded

1909

Compound 606 targeted ?

Treponema pallidum

Treponema pallidum (targeted by compound 606) is the cause of?

syphilis

1930s: found that a synthetic dye , protonsil is an

antibacterial

drug developed from compound not found in nature

synthetic antimicrobial

t or f: the first antimicrobial drugs led to the discovery and production of others

true

who was influential in the discovery of Compound 606, an antimicrobial agent that proved to be an effective treatment to syphillis

Paul ehrlich

what year did Alexander Fleming accidentally discover penicillin

1928

who accidentally discovered penicillin

Alexander Flemming

this antibiotic inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis

pencillin

when was penicillin made widely available and considered a wonder-drug

1940s

this is an antimicrobial compound produced by other microorganisms in nature

natural antibiotic

synthetic, semisynthetic or natural antibiotic? actinimycin

natural antibiotic

synthetic, semisynthetic or natural antibiotic? streptomycin

natural antibiotic

synthetic, semisynthetic or natural antibiotic? neomycin

natural antibiotic

synthetic, semisynthetic or natural antibiotic? actinomycetes

natural antibiotic

antibiotic is interchangeable with

antimicrobial

chemically modified derivative of natural antibiotic

semisynthetic antimicrobial

what two people discovered how to scale up penicllin production and purify it. they showed efficacy as antimicrobial in animal and human trials in the early 1940s.

howard florney and Ernest chain

he was the first to show vast antimicrobial production capabilities of the actinomycetes, soil bacteria

selman waksman

an irreversible inhibition of growth, growth restarts when drug is gone

bacteriostatic

this kills target bacteria

bactericidal

what are some things to consider when choosing bacteriostatic or bactericidal?

• type of infection

• the immune status of the patient. if immune status is good then either one of these can be used but if immune status is immunocompromised then you should use a bactericidal

  • life threatening infections = bactericidal

this targets specific subsets of pathogens such as gram-positive or gram-negative

narrow-spectrum antimicrobial

narrow-spectrum antimicrobials are best for what kind of pathogens

identfied

why are narrow-spectrum antimicrobials preferred for identified pathogens

because they cause least damage to resident microbiota

this antimicrobial targets a wide variety including gram-positive and gram negative

broad-spectrum antimicrobial

what are some uses of broad-spectrum antimicrobial

• while waiting to get pathogen ID

• when you have a mixed infection

• for prevention of infections with surgery

  • when narrow-spectrum fails due to drug resistance in target pathogen

this is the amount of medication given during a certain time interval

dosage

• ensures optimum therapeutic drug levels are achieved

• make sure they don’t cause toxicity to patient

• allergic reactions and side effects are possible

dosage

what is the main goal of dosage?

to select optimum dosage that will minimize risk while achieving curew

what must be considered when calculating dosage?

• patients situation

• factors specific to the drug

doage considerations:

• mass in children (some argue adults too)

• how the drug is metabolized and eliminated from the body

  • patients with liver or kidney disfunction may not clear from the body = toxicity or other side effects are more likely

this is the rate at which 50% of a drug is eliminated from the blood plasma

half-life

this is multiple doses per day

short half life

this is single doses once per day

long half life

short/long half life? this is convenient for dosing but more side effects because toxic for longer

long half-life

large dose for a short time

dose dependent

lower levels over longer time

time dependent

the method used to introduce a drug into the body

route of administration

this route of administration is the most convenient at home

oral

what are the problems with oral route of administration

• some can’t be absorbed through the GI tract into the bloodstream

• patient may be too sick to take medications orally

topical route of administration is for

superficial skin infections

what are the last two routes of administration

intramuscular injection and intravenous administration

this kind of toxicity selectively kills or inhibits growth in microbial target with minimal or no damage to the host

selective toxicity

most current antimicrobials are…

antibacterial

cell structures are different in… — unique targets different from host cells

prokaryotes

this is the way a drug affects microbes at the cellular level

mode of action

there are several classes of antibacterial compounds that are typically classified based on their

bacterial target

the main component of bacterial cell walls

peptidoglycan

no cell wall means susceptible to

osmotic lysis

humans don’t make this so it is a good option for selective toxicity

peptidoglycan

_______ in central structure of drug molecule

B-lactam

penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactarns and carbapenems are all

B-lactams

these block cross linking of peptide chains during peptidoglycan biosynthesis

B-lactams