bio exam II

zooflagellates > phylum zoomastigophora

• colorless heterotrophs

• most symbiotic > many parasitic in humans

• trypanosoma sp. > chagas disease & kissing bug

• giardia lamblia > severe diarrhea, cysts transmitted in contaminated water, aka beaver fever due to beaver host

• trichomonas vaginalis > std and common cause of vaginitis

the amoeboids > phylum rhizopoda

• move and feed with pseudopods

• phagolysosomes digest food

• entamoeba histolytica > parasite of human colon and causes amoebic dysentery

the ciliates > phylum ciliophora

• very complex

• hundreds of cilia beat in rhythm

• feeding types are holozoic and they swallow their food whole and others have a feeding grove

• micronucleus is hereditary

• macronucleus helps metabolism

• reproduce through conjugation or transverse fission

apicomplexans

• parasitic

• apical complex helps infect hosts

• plasmodium = malaria

• toxoplasma gondii = toxoplasmosis

• cryptosporidium = cryptospondiosis

dinoflagellates

• diverse shapes

• encased in cellulose armor

• two flagella in grooves

• movement = spinning

• bioluminescence

• toxic > red tide

brain eating amoeba

naegleria fowleria and amoeboflagellate

bryophyta > mosses

a) gametophyte body with photosynthetic stems, rhizoids, and leaflike structures

b) gametangia • separate gametophore sexes

c) sporophyte • grows attached by “foot” to gametophyte

d) haploid spore germinates to form protonema

hepaticophyta > liverworts

• very sensitive to water loss bc stomata don’t close

• asexual reproduction through gemmae production

• sexual is gametophyte dominant

anthocerophyta > hornworts

• tall and slender sporophyte

• only one chloroplast per cell due to gene loss

xylem

• conduction cells ~ tracheids

• supportive filling tissues ~ parenchyma

• lignified, add strength for height and carry water up

phloem

• sieve elements (conducting cells) and supporting cells

• transport sugars, proteins, and others

leaves

a) microphyll ~ developed from modern lateral branches/sporangia

b) megaphyll ~ larger and branching veins

c) sporophylls ~ modified to bear sporangia

d) strobili ~ cone like and contain sporangia

phylum lycopodiaphyta

• earliest seedless vascular plants

• small and evergreen ~ club/spike mosses & quillworts

phylum monilophyta

1) horsetails ~ thin leaves at joints and SiO2 in epidermis cells > single genus equisteum

2) whisk ferns ~ bright green stems, knob shaped sporangia, lack roots and leaves, and more closely related to ferns

3) ferns ~ tropic/temperate forests and moist/shaded places, sporophyte dominant

cycadophyta • sago “palm”

• gymnosperm

• slow growing and tropical/subtropical

• sporophyte resembles palm tree

• cones can be large

• dioecious

ginkophyta

• gymnosperm

• one extant species ~ ginkgo biloba

• dioecious and sperm are flagellated

gnetophyta

• 3 genera ~ ephedra, gnetum, and welwitschia

• vessel elements in their xylem

pinophyta

• gymnosperm

• includes pines, ferns, spruces, cedars, and others

• oldest and tallest extant species

• both monoecious and dioecious species

• temperate evergreen specialization > extreme pollination and thick waxy cuticle

angiosperm phylum?

• only one and it’s anthophyta

• monocots and eudicots

transpiration (tension-adhesion-cohesion)

• passive transport

• primary mechanism for water movement

i) water evaporates through stomata

ii) loss increases solute concentration in leaf cells

iii) osmosis pulls water out of xylem into leaf cells

iv) water leaving xylem pulls water up due to cohesion

v) water loss from roots increases solute concentration

vi) water pulled into roots by osmosis

gibberelins

• hormone that aids in stem elongation, fruit development, and seed germination

• released in good (wet) conditions

abscisic acid

• released under stress

• cause stomata to close, usually slow growth and activity, promote seed dormancy

phylum zygomycota

• mainly saprotrophs

• rhizopus stolonifera ie black bread mold

• sexual reproduction through zygospores

phylum ascomycota

• mainly saprotrophs

• most septate fungi

• sexual reproduction through ascus sac and ascospores

• asexual is through conidia

• yeasts

ascomycota interactions

• plants ~ cause diseases such as dutch elm disease and ergot grass fungus

• skin infections - tinea sp.

• penicillin

• yeasts ~ saccharomyces cerevisiae, candida albicans, & lactobacillus

phylum basidiomycota

• mycelium composed of septate hyphae

• usually reproduces sexually through basidiospores on club-shaped basidia

phylum glomeromycota

• arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi > early fossils

• mutualism ~ endomycorrhizae

phylum chythidiomycota

• most primitive fungi

• metabolism breaks down cellulose, keratin, and chitin

• frequently pathogens of amphibians

• reproduce through motile spores called zoospores